3. Nepenthes ampullaria JACK, Comp. Bot. Mag., I, p. 271 (1835) (non vidi) ; KORTH., Verh., p. 39, t. 13, (1839): Flora, VI, p. 578 (1848) ; HOOK. F., Transact. Linn. Soc., XXII, p. 423 (1859) ; HOOK. Bot. Mag., t. 5109 (1859) ; LEMAIRE, Ill. Hort., XVI, misc., p. 42 (1869) ; MIQ., Ill., p. 8 (1870) ; HOOK. F., in D.C., Prodr. XVII, p. 93 (1873) ; Nature, X, p. 371 (1874) ; F. MUELL., Descr. not. Pap. pl., IV, p. 52 (1876) ; ANDRE, Ill. Hort., XXIV, p. 45, t. CCLXXII (1877) ; PLANCH., Fl. serr., XXII, t. 2325 (1877) ; BECC., Mal., I, p. 213 (1878) ; Mal., III, p. 8 (1886) ; HOOK. F., Fl. Br. lnd., V, p. 69 (1886) ; WUNSCHM., in ENGL. & PRANTL, Nat. Pflanzenfam., III, 2, p. 260 (1891): BECK, Wien. Ill. Gartenz, 1895, p. 150, ic. 14, (1895) ; MOTT., Dict. Ill, p 447, (1896) ; BOERL. Handl. Ill, 1, p. 53 (1900) ; HEMSL., Gard. Chron., 1905, 1, p. 260 (1905) ; MACF., in ENGL., Pflanzenr., IV, 111, p. 33, ic. 13 (1908) ; Nov. Guin, VIII, 1, p. 339 (1911) ; Journ. As. Soc. Beng., LXXV, p. 280 (1914) ; Journ. Linn. Soc., bot., XLII, p. 125 (1914) ; RIDL., Transact. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, bot., IX, p. 139 (1916) ; HEYNE ; Nutt. pl., ed. 1, II, p. 189 (1916) ; MACF., in GIBBS, Contr., p. 141 (1917) ; in BAIL., Cycl., IV, p. 2126 (1919) ; MERR. Bibl. Enum. Born., p. 281 (1921) ; RIDL., Fl., III, p. 21 (1924) ; HEYNE, Nutt. pl., ed. 2, I, p. 635 (1927) ; DANS., Trop. Nat. XVI, p. 202, 205, ic. 6 (1927) ; N. ampullacea BL. Mus. II., p. 9 (1852) ; MORR., Belg. Hort. II., p. 234, ic. p. 226 (1852) TEYSM. & BINN., Cat. ined., p. 81 (1855) ; MIQ., Fl., I, 1, p. 1076 (1858) ; suppl., p. 151 & 366 (1860) ; TEYSM. & BINN., Cat., p. 99 (1866) ; TEYSM., N. T. N. I., XVIII, p. 2 (1859) ; MIQ., Journ. Bot. Néerl., I, p. 277 (1861) ; MOHNIKE, Blicke, p. 146 (1883) ; KOORD.-SCHUM., Syst. Verz., II, p. 21 (1910) ; NEGER, Handwörterb. Naturwiss., V, p. 525 (1914).
Icones: KORTH., Verh., t. 13 (1839) bona, colorata ; Belg. Hort., II. p. 226, t. 38, ic. 3 (1852) mediocris, asc. inf.; Bot. Mag., t. 5109 (1859) optima, colorata, Ill. Hort., XXIV, t. CCLXXII (1877) optima ; Fl. serr., XXII, t. 2325 (1877) optima, colorata ; MOHNIKE, Blicke, t. II (1883) mediocris ; WIEN. Ill. Gartenz., 1895, p. 219, ic. 10 (1895) ; ENGL., Pflanzenr., IV, 111, p. 32 (1908) optima ; Handwörterb. Naturwiss., V, p. 526 (1914) ; WETTST., Handb., p. 624, t. 428, ic. 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 (1924), optima ; Trop. Nat., XVI, p. 203 (1927) photographia rosularum.
Folia mediocria sessilia v. subsessilia, lamina lanceolata v. spathulato-lanceolata, nervis longitudinalibus utrinque 3-5, basi 1/3-2/3 caulis amplectente ; ascidia rosularum magnitudine mediocria, urceolata, alis 2 fimbriatis, peristomio latere inferiore applanato, 3-15 mm lato, costis 1/3-1/4 mm distantibus, dentibus vix ullis ; operculo anguste cuneato, facie inferiore levi ; ascidia inferiora ut rosularum, sed angustiora ; ascidia superiora nunquam evoluta ; inflorescentia panicula ramis inferioribus ad 10 floris ; indumentum ferrugineum, iuventute densum, e pilis stellatis brevioribus et simplicibus longioribus compasitum, in caule follis ascidiisque denique deciduum v. parcius, in inflorescentiis permanens.
Stems climbing, up to 6 m high, rarely higher, prostrate on open ground, the lower part several cm thick, woody, the part with adult leaves usually 5 to 8 mm thick, cylindrical, the internodes usually 2 to 8 cm long ; at the foot of older plants lateral rosettes with pitchers. Rosette leaves scattered, the lamina small or none, usually present in the form of 2 almost wholly amplexicaul auricles, in elongated rosettes often several cm long, lanceolate ; tendrils about as long as the pitcher, curved downwards. Leaves of the climbing stems coriaceous, lanceolate to spathulate, mostly 12 to 25 cm long, 3 to 6 cm broad, broadest usually above the middle, rarely of the same breadth over the greatest part, rounded or acute, gradually attenuate towards the base, sessile or with a short winged petiole, which is sometimes dilated at the stem and forms a sheath clasping the stem for 1/2 to 2/3 ; pennate nerves numerous, oblique in the basal part, almost transverse for the rest, longitudinal nerves usually 3 to 5 on each side, originating in the narrow basal part of the lamina, running nearly parallel in its outer half, forming rectangles with the transverse ones ; tendrils longer than those of the rosettes, those of the lower leaves hanging and bearing pitchers, those of the upper leaves winding and with pitcher rudiment only. Rosette pitchers 2 to 11 cm high, obliquely urceolate, laterally flattened, on the side of the lid semicircularly curved, almost straight on the other side, about 1 to 1 1/2 times as long as wide seen from the side, always with a pair of wings, the wings 2 to 10 mm broad, densely fringed, the fringe segments longer than the breadth of the wing in the upper part, shorter than the breadth of the wing in the lower part, 1 to 1 1/2 mm apart ; mouth ovate almost horizontal ; peristome narrowly involved in the outer part, flat and almost vertical in the inner part, 3 to 15 mm broad, the ribs 1/3 to 1/4 mm apart, the teeth of the inner margin almost none: whole surface of the pitcher with minute overarched glands, about 2000 to 3000 glands on 1 cm2 ; lid narrowly cuneate, rounded at the apex, gradually attenuate towards the base, about as long as the mouth, 2 to 8 mm broad, quite glandless on the under surface, sometimes sparingly stellate-hairy, mostly folded into 2 keels ; spur usually not, rarely irregularly branched, inserted close to the lid, 3-8 mm long. Pitchers of the lower leaves like those of the rosettes, but a little more oblong, rarely slightly infundibulate, with 2 prominent keels. Male inflorescence a dense or rather dense, cylindrical or subconical panicle, 6 to 30 cm long, 2 to 6 mm wide, the lower branches with a petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate bract up to 1 1/2 cm long, up to 10-flowered, the upper branches gradually less-flowered, with a smaller bract or bractless. Tepals oval or broadly oval, 4 1/2 to 6 mm long ; staminal column about as long as the perigone, anthers in 1 or 1 1/2 whorl. Female inflorescence like the male one, but rarely so long, often less dense and less branched. Tepals elliptic-oblong. Ovary sessile. Fruit about 18 to 30 mm long, slender, the valves narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 3 1/2 mm broad in the middle, gradually attenuate towards both ends. Seeds filiform, about 10 to 15 mm long, the nucleus with minute prickles, slightly longitudinally wrinkled. Indumentum in young parts densely velvety by stellate hairs, intermixed with longer unbranched hairs or not, the longer hairs and often also the shorter ones deciduous in the vegetative parts, leaving brown points, the shorter hairs and often also the longer ones persisting in the inflorescences ; on the upper side of the leaves only a deciduous whitish indumentum of stellate hairs ; the staminal column, rarely also the inner surface of the operculum, sparingly stellate hairy. Colour of the pitchers in the living state very variable, from wholly white or white with pink or red spots to yellowish-green or green, often with red or violet spots, the peristome mostly one-coloured, rarely spotted or striped, the lid mostly like the pitcher, but the spots smaller ; flowers green or brownish green outside, yellowish green inside when young, later dark-brown ; staminal column red, anthers brown, stigma light-green. Colour of herbarium specimens generally brownish, the underside of the leaves and the pitchers often reddish-brown, the upper surface fallow-dun in different hues, the indumentum often red-brown, here and there whitish. (Description after all the plants seen by the author.)
MALAY PENINSULA. (As the following habitats sufficiently show the distribution in the Malay Peninsula, I have not cited those recorded by: MACFARLANE in ENGL., Pflanzenr., IV, 111, p. 33, Journ. As. Soc. Beng., LXXV, p. 281 and RIDLEY, Fl., III, p. 21.) Without habitat &c.: H. S. (m, f) ; "Birma & Malay Peninsula", probably the latter, GRIFFITH ; 4439/2, H. A. R. T. (m, f) ; Penang: P. Penang, CURTIS, H. S. (0) ; Bukit Laksamana, CURTIS, H. S. (0) ; Perak: Larut, within 30 m, VI 1881, King's coll. 1943, H. S. (m) ; VI 1884, King's coll., H. B. (m) ; within 90 m, IV 1883, King's coll. 4148, H. B. (f) ; Ipoh, XII 1895, CURTIS, H. S. (0) ; Malacca: without habitat &c.: H. S. (m, f), vern. name: boengah akar parioe krah, pirio krah ; 1865-1866, MAINGAY, H. L. B. (0) ; Brün. near Sg. Siput (?), IX 1889, DERRY 265, H. S. (0) ; Marumo Reserve, 15 VIII 1885, ALVINS 2040, H.S, (0), vern. name: akar pirio kra ; Bt. Bruang, 25 VI 1886, WATCHMEN 27, H. S. (f), vern. name: akar karick-karick ; Johore: Mt. Ophir, summit, 1395 m, IV 1888, HULLETT 874, H. S. (f) ; Johore Bahru, 1890, GOODENOUGH, H. S. (m) ; G. Pulai, summit, 24 IV 1922, NUR & KIAH 7801, H. S. (0) ; G. Belumut, 900 m, 26 V 1923, HOLTTUM 10733 ; H. S. (f) ; Pahang: Kwantan, IX 1889, DURNFORD, H. S. (0) ; 60 m, 17 VI 1913, BURN MURDOCH 338, H. S. (f), vern. name: priok kra ; Singapore: H. S. (m, f) ; IX 1875, H. S. (f) ; X 1861, ANDERSON 165, H. L. B. (m) ; IX 1879, KING, H. B. (0) ; JACK, H. S. (m, f), H. L. B. (0) ; 15 XII 1882, RIDLEY 17, H. S. (m, f) ; Sg Jorrong, 16 I 1890, RIDLEY, H. S. (m) ; Jurong, 13 X 1890, RIDLEY, H. S. (m) ; III 1919, S.B.O., H. S. (m) ; Chan Chu Kang, 1889, H. S. (0) ; 8 II 1890. H. S. (f) ; Bt. Mandai, 1890, RIDLEY, H. S. (m, f) ; between Ulu Berih & Bajan, 16 I 1913, BURKILL, H. S. (0).
SUMATRA. Gov. Eastcoast: Asahan, within 50 m, III 1919, RUTGERS, no. LÖRZING 6342, H. B. (0): Tandjoeng Pasir, 60 m 15 III 1925, YATES 1393, H. U. C. (m) ; upper Bila valley, Aèk Boero, 80 m, 12 IV 1923, LÖRZING 9590, H. B. (0) ; island Bengkalis, 1-5 m, 6-10 IV 1918, BRUINIER 29, H. B. (0), vern. name: priok monjèt ; 26 XI 1918, BRUINIER 74, H. B. (0), vern. name: priok monjèt, Tamansari, 5 m, 17 VIII 1919, BEGUIN 231 & 232, H. B. (m) ; Expedition IJZERMAN (about 0[[ordmasculine]]8' north. lat., 101[[ordmasculine]]42' east. long.) 40 m, 9 III 1891, KOORDERS 22361[[beta]], H. B. (0) ; (about O[[ordmasculine]]15' north. lat., 101[[ordmasculine]]42' east. long.), 15 m, 21 III 1891, KOORDERS, 22360[[beta]] & 22362[[beta]], H. B. (0) ; (about O[[ordmasculine]]23' north. lat., 101[[ordmasculine]]42' east. long.), 24 III 1891, KOORDERS 22363[[beta]], H. B. (0) ; Gov. Westcoast: Sibolga, on the coast, II 1856, TEYSMANN 536, H. B. (0) ; H. A. R. T. (m, f) ; Padang Uplands, Bt. Api, Tandjoeng Bali, II X 1883, BURCK, H. B. (0) ; Res. Riau & Dependencies: Indrapoera, 1835, KORTHALS, H. L. B. 908,155-856 ; 908,155-852 ; -855 & -859 (m, f) ; P. Karimon, G. Djanten, 100 m, 7 IX 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 7873, H. B. (0) ; H. L. B. (0) ; P. Bintan, Pangkalan Njiri, 15 m, 24 VI 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6431, H. B. (0) ; H. L. B. (0) ; Lobam, 10 m, 15 VI 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6254, H. B. (m, f) ; H. L. B. (f) ; vern. name: akar manipojong ; P. Sebangka, 40 m, 16 VIII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 7494, H. B. (0), H. L. B. (0) ; P. Singkèp, Bt. Toenggai, 20 m, 31 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 7481, H. B. (0), H. L. B. (0) ; P. Lingga, G. Daik, 500 m, 16 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6717, H. B. (0), vern. name: gendi kré ; 750 m, 16 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6715, bis, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (f), vern. name: gendi kré ; 50 m, 12 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6605, H. B. (0), vern. name: gendi kré ; idem 6609, H. B. (m) ; 600 m, 16 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6721, H. B. (0) ; G. Tanda 400-950 m, 21 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6886, H. B. (m, f), H. L. B. (m) ; 6881 & 6879, H. B. (0) ; G. Semarong, seashore, 10 m, 18 VIII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 7559 & 7560, H. B. (0) ; Resoen, 60 m, 18 VII 1919, BÜNNEMEIJER 6789, H. B. (0) ; Res. Palèmbang: Komering Ilir, 10 m, 25 IV 1918, ENDERT 308, H. B. (f), vern. name: bajoeng keroh ; Res. Bangka: TEYSMANN, H. A. R. T. 000244 (m) ; H. L. B. 908,155-860 (0) ; in swamps, TEYSMANN 3511, H. B. (m) ; TEYSMANN, without number, H. B. (m), vern. name: ketakong betoel ; 1917, BÜNNEMEIJER 1782b, H. B. (f) ; Belinjoe, 27 IX 1914, GRASHOFF 9, H. B. (m), vern. name: ketakong ; Koeala Soengai Pedjem, 2 m, 30 VI 1926, BURGER 20, H. B. (m), vern. name: ketakoeng ; Sg. Liat, Bt. Tampang, 70 m, 23 X 1917, BÜNNEMEIJER 1723, H. B. (m), vern. name: ketapong ; Res. Belitoeng: (BECC., Mal., III. p. 2).
BORNEO. British North Borneo: Kina Balu, Labuan (MACF., in ENGL., Pflanzenr., IV, 111, p. 33) ; Brunei: (MACF., Journ. Linn. Soc., bot., XLII, p. 125) ; Sarawak: 25 XI 1913, native coll. 174, H. S. M. (m) ; G. Matang, 240 m, 20 VI 1893, BARTLETT, H. S. M. (m) ; Penkuler Ampat (Pangkalan Ampat?), HAVILAND 97/834, H. S. M. (m, f) ; Western Division: 1882, TEUSCHER, H. B. (0) ; Paloh, II 1927, BIANCHI 37, H. B. (0) ; Bt. Singkadjang, TEYSMANN 10953, H. B. (0) ; Sintang, in swamps, TEYSMANN 10969, H. B. (m, f) ; 10965, H. B. (0) ; G. Kenepai, foot, 20-29 XII 1893, HALLIER B 1562 et 1631, H. B. (0) ; B 1567, H. B. (m) ; Oeloe Kenepai, 20 XII 1893, HALLIER B 1454, H. B. (0) ; G. Kelam, 30 1-13 II 1894, HALLIER B 2379, H. B. (0) ; upper course of the S. Kapoeas, 1893, JAHERI (Exp. NIEUWENHUIS), H. B. (f) ; 1896, JAHERI (Exp. NIEUWENHUIS) 76, H. B. (0) ; Southern and Eastern Division: lower Dajak River, Kp. Toewanan I, 6 m, 28 X 1925, DEN BERGER 29, H. B. (0), vern. name: pasok kemèlo.
NEW GUINEA. Northwestern part: Arfak Mountains Monswoon Been, 2100 m (GIBBS, Contr. p. 141) ; N.W. coast near Ransiki ; on the Wandamen Bay ; island of Jobi (Japèn) near Ansoes ; island Mies Noem (BECC. Mal., I, p. 213) ; Legaré-river, 80 m, VI 1912, JANOWSKY 42, H. B. (0) ; on the Idenburgrivier, 400 m, 9 IX 1914, FEUILLETAU DE BRUYN 112 H. B. (f) ; hills on the Rouffaerrivier, 175 m, VIII 1926, DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN 9814, H. B. (0), 9822 & 9974, H. B. (m) ; border of affluent C of the Rouffaerrivier, 250 m, DOCTERS VAN LEEUWEN 10258 bis, H. B. (0) ; 10292, H. B. (m) ; 10293, H. B. (f) ; Southwestern part: Wollaston Expedition, Canoe Camp, 45 m, X-XI 1912. KLOSS. H. S. (0) ; Camp III-IV 330-750 m, (RIDL., Transact. Linn. Soc., ser. 2, bot., IX, p. 139) ; first hill near Sabang, 30 m, 14 VI 1907, VERSTEEG 1229, H. B. (m), also on alcohol: H. A. R. T. (f) ; sago swamp near Van-Weelskamp, 10 VI 1907, VERSTEEG 1214, H. B. (0) ; H. A. R. T. (0) ; swamp on the Noord-Rivier, 9 V 1907, VERSTEEG 1047 H. B. (0) ; also on alcohol ; on the Noord-Rivier in the plain, IX 1904, VON RÖMER 46 & 47, H. B. (0), also on alcohol ; on the Noord-Rivier in the northern part of the plain, 7 X 1909, VON RÖMER 449, H. B. (0) ; Southeastern part: Fly River (F. MUELL., Descr. not. Pap. pl., IV p. 52) ; Vanape Valley (MACF., in ENGL., Pflanzenr., IV, 111, p. 34)
Cultivated in the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens in the greenhouse under n. 20.
As this species is easily distinguishable from all others it has no real synonyms. The distinction from N. Hookeriana only requires attention ; see for this the discussion of the latter species.
The distribution is very remarkable: a continuous area on the Sunda-shelf and a continuous one in New Guinea, between which N. ampullaria has not been found. See the general discussions
N. ampullaria varies little, but in New Guinea more than in the western part of the archipelago ; yet it is my opinion, that the var. longicarpa and Geelvinkiana, distinguished by BECCARI, the first with longer staminal column and fruits, the latter with a looser inflorescence, and the var. microsepala of MACFARLANE are variations very common in many Nepenthes species, and that there is no reason to give them names. The var. vittata and vittata maior are colour varieties, the distinction of which has only importance for plant breeders, as among wild plants the number of such varieties is too large to be distinguished.
Most habitats of N. ampullaria lay below 100 m above sea level, many even near the coast ; yet this species is sometimes found in the mountains, in the Arfak mountains once on a height of 2100 m. The habitat usually is swampy forest, but never salt water swamp and always sterile ground like peat-moor and quartz sand. Do not such habitats occur in Selébès and the Moluccas?
N. ampullaria is perhaps the only useful species of this genus. One of the labels in H. S. tells: "Used for tying fence, very durable, and its roots are to be boiled and applied for stomacheache"; BÜNNEMEIJER records in one of his specimens of the Lingga Archipelago, that the stems are a tying material and he gives a sample of the latter ; TEYSMANN already mentions this use (N.T.N.I., XVIII, p. 2, in Dutch, and translated in German by HASSKARL, Bonplandia, VII, p. 118) and describes the preparation of the stems ; the latter more in detail by HEYNE (Nutt. pl., ed, 1. II, p. 189, ed. 2, I. p. 686).
Vernacular names. In the Malay Peninsula. Malay: akar perioek kera, perioek kera, "akar karick-karick"; in the island Bengkalis, Malay: perioek monjèt ; in P. Bintan. Malay: akar mampojong ; in P. Lingga, Malay, gendi kerè ; in Palémbang, Malay: bojoeng kero ; in Bangka, Malay: ketakong, ketakoeng, ketapong, ketakong betoel ; Eastern Division of Borneo, Dyak: pasok kemèlo. Perioek kera means monkeys' rice pot. gendi keri means monkeys' jug ; gendi monjèt means the same, but is a javanism ; yet it is remarkable, that already BURBIDGE in 1897 (Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. XXI, p. 256) gives the name "priok-moniet" as used by the Malays of British North Borneo ; mampojong probably is a proper name ; ketakong, ketakoeng, (ketapong?) is the proper name of Nepenthes, and of the tying material made from it, in Bangka, the name ketakong betoel, i.e, real ketakong, expressing that this species gives the real tying material ; HEYNE gives the name: akar tempajan ; names with tempajan I only know from Amboina where this species has not been found. For the names which are recorded by TEYSMANN as used near Sibolga: katoepat baroek, tjalong baroek and tahoel-tahoel, cf. N. Treubiana ; DE CLERCQ too gives the Batak name tahoel-tahoel for this species.