TABLE OF CONTENTS
Forward 2
Nepenthes Timeline 4
Nepenthes Hybrids List 7
Alphabetical List of Species, Hybrids and Cultivars 19
Nepenthes Species 27
Taxonomy 28
Artificial Key 33
Species Description 36
Geographical Location 65
Elevation - Highland vs. Lowland 67
Data for Description of Hybrids 68
Afterword 69
Glossary 70
Bibliography 72
Forward
For over a century, the genus Nepenthes has been in cultivation. Collectors have been fascinated with the carnivorous nature of the plant through its strange and wonderful pitchers. The demand has always been such that nurserymen have gone to great lengths to provide specimens for the public.
Although Nepenthes will root from cuttings, the abundance of seed that is produced has made this an attractive means to propagate new plants, (whether or not the seed is viable, germinates, or even if the seedlings produced reach maturity is another story!) The problem with seed production is that Nepenthes are dioecious, that is, plants are either male or female; and since it takes two to tango as it were, the problem always arises as to where to get pollen for a female plant when it comes into bloom. The resulting situation is and always has been to use the pollen from whatever other plant is available, regardless of species. As a result, for more than 120 years, growers have been randomly creating hybrid Nepenthes plants.
Historically, these hybrids have always been named according to the discretion of the hybridizer, whether or not the same cross had been created previously. Often different offspring within the same cross have been given different hybrid names as well. This is not in accordance with standard rules of nomenclature. Basically, the first cross to be made and registered becomes the hybrid name, and any additional plants created would be given "Cultivar" names, if warranted. What I have tried to do, is to establish a Hybrid Name, usually according to precedence, (sometimes with respect to practicality!) and assign Cultivar Names to the following remakes.
Understand, that it makes NO DIFFERENCE to the Hybrid name, as to whether a parent produced the pollen or the pod, although there is sometimes great variety in the offspring. This rule is followed as well in certain dioecious orchids. Likewise, there is NO DIFFERENCE in the Hybrid Name, if different varieties of either parent are used to make the cross. (i.e. the use of N. ampullaria 'Cantley's Red', vs. another variety that is predominantly green.)
The problem with establishing a hybrid catalogue such as this is, compounded by the difficulty in establishing true identification. In the wild, Nepenthes species often seem to be rather inconsistent, hence the common elevation of varieties to species status (N. maxima and its relatives). There occur many natural hybrids, as well as populations (especially within the N. sanguinea/N. macfarlanei group) where there is a great deal of crossover in the form of intergrades. In short, there is a problem determining the actual true species which comprise the list of parents.
Add to this the endless cases of dubious identity of plants in the hybridizer's collection, and the task of naming the progeny only gets worse. At the turn of the century, N. gracilis, N. hirsuta and N. distillatoria, among others were repeatedly confused. As well, hybridizers were notorious for obscuring the true parentage of a successful cross, plus, due to the presence of insect pollinators, sometimes they just didn't know for sure which dog had jumped the fence!
This is a work in progress. Hopefully, through the use of international publications, hybrids can be registered and this list will continue to be expounded upon, similar to the Sander's Guide to Cultivated Orchid Hybrids. I invite any and every suggestion to help to create this list.
I would especially like to thank the following contributors for their assistance in putting this list together:
The Atlanta Botanical Gardens
Bruce Bednar
Ron Determann
Cliff Dodd II
Ron Gagliardo
Thomas Johnson
Andrew Marshall
Kevin Snively
Henning von Schmeling
I must also thank Jan Schlauer for providing all of us with his World Carnivorous Plant List, without which this Guide to Hybrids would not have been possible.
A few notes on reading the list:
If a plant name does not appear as a hybrid, check the alphabetical list that follows, the plant may be considered a cultivar of a previously named hybrid.
Any unnamed crosses, whether natural hybrids or man-made, are listed beneath each of the parents. If the originator (or author) will provide me with a name for that cross, I will enter it into the list.
When a plant not currently accepted as a distinct species has been used to make a cross, it is referred to in parentheses following the accepted species name, this follows for cultivars/hybrids as well.
Many cases exist where the original described parents have been changed by me to reflect the more probable parentage ( N. hirsuta vs. N. gracilis), for these changes I would especially like to thank Bruce Bednar, who so graciously pointed out that some of the parents didn't exist in cultivation at the time that the cross was made. I have tried to acknowledge these with a notation.
Whenever possible, I have tried to cite the author or creator's name, as well as the date that the cross or species was first described.
Plants known to exist in cultivation are listed in bold.
Crosses predating the "accepted" Hybrid Name are acknowledged by an underline beneath the date of the cross.
Arthur Lauffenburger
March 31st, 1995
Nepenthes Timeline
Of course, there is no set record of exactly what plants were brought into cultivation or to whom they were sold or distributed; but by the records of hybrids in catalogues and the mentioning of species in the work by botanists, this chronology helps to clarify the history of the genus Nepenthes in cultivation. It is not meant to be an accurate accounting, and should be read with that thought in mind.
1600
1658 The first Nepenthes is recordedin Madagascar by E. de Flacourt under the name Amramitico, to be later named N. madagascariensis
1682 N. distillatoria is first described in Ceylon by H.N. Grimm under the name Planta mirabilis distillatoria
1689 The generic name Nepenthes is introduced by J.P. Breyne with respect to a plant from Ceylon: Nepenthes zeylanicum flore minore, synonymous for the previously described Planta mirabilis distillatoria
1700
1753 The species: N. distillatoria L. is named, using the original species epithet.
1790 The species: N. mirabilis (Lour) Druce is first described as Phyllamphora mirabilis Lour.
1797 The species: N. madagascariensis Poir. is namedby Poiret.
1800
1824 The species: N. gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees & N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees are described.
1835 The species: N. ampullaria Jack & N. rafflesiana Jack are described.
1837 The species: N. alata Blanco & N. ventricosa Blanco are described.
1839 The species: N. bongso Korth., N. boschiana Korth. & N. gracilis Korth. are described. (N. gracilis Korth may actually have been N. hirsuta Hook.f.)
1848 Natural hybrid: N. Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.(rafflesiana x ampullaria) is described.
1849 The species: N. albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. & N. sanguinea Lindl. are described.
1852 The species: N. pervillei Bl., N. reinwardtiana Miq. & N. villosa Hook.f. are described.
1855 Natural hybrid: N. Trichocarpa Miq.( ampullaria x gracilis) is described.
1859 The species: N. edwardsiana Low ex Hook.f., N. lowii Hook.f., N. rajah Hook.f. & N. veitchii Hook.f. are described.
1862 The hybrid: N. Dominii (rafflesiana x hirsuta) is created by Dominy.
By the 1870's, the following species and hybrid are in cultivation:
N. distillatoria, N. gracilis (N. hirsuta), N. hirsuta, N. Hookeriana, mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, N. ventricosa, N. veitchii
Hybridisers: Court, Dominy, Seden, Taplin, Tivey, and others are creating as many Hybrids as they can, hoping to capitalize on the interest shown towards Nepenthes in stovehouses. Moreover, they are often naming every surviving member of each cross; this presents a problem, because only the first described instance of a hybrid should be used to name a grex. Many of these initial hybrids are recreated by others as well, and some of the originals die out, leaving newly created cultivars as the representatives of the original crosses.
1872 The hybrids: N. Chelsonii (Dominii x Hookeriana) & Hybrida (also known as Sedenii (distillatoria x ventricosa)) are created by Seden.
1873 The species: N. bicalcarata Hook.f., N. hirsuta Hook.f., N. khasiana Hook.f., N. tentaculata Hook.f. & N. vieillardii Hook.f. are described.
1877 The hybrids: N. Courtii (hirsuta x Dominii ),N. Lyrata(Hybrida x rafflesiana), N. Rafflesiana Pallida (Dominiix rafflesiana) & N. Rubro-maculata (Hybrida x veitchii) are created by Court.
1880 The hybrid: N. Superba (Hybrida x Hookeriana) is created by Taplin.
1881 The species: N. northiana Hook.f. is described.
The hybrid: N. Mastersiana (sanguinea x khasiana) is created by Court
The hybrid: N. Morganiana (now known asN. Wrigleyana (mirabilis ? x Hookeriana)) is created by Taplin.
1882 The species: N. burbidgeae Hook.f. & Burb. is described.
Natural hybrid: N. Harryana (Burb.)Macf.(edwardsiana x villosa) is described.
1884 Natural hybrid: N. Cincta Mast. (northiana x albomarginata) is described.
1885 The hybrid: N. Excelsior (rafflesiana x Hookeriana) is created by Taplin.
1886 The species: N. singalana Becc. is described.
The species: N. viridis Macf. nom. dub. is described and has now been lost to obscurity.
1887 Natural hybrid: N. Curtisii Mast. (albomarginata x maxima) is described.
The hybrid: N. Cylindrica (distillatoria x veitchii ) is created by Tivey
1888 The hybrids: N. Dicksoniana (rafflesiana x veitchii) & N. Edinensis (rafflesiana x Chelsonii) are created by Lindsay.
The hybrid: N. Rufescens (Courtii x hirsuta) Court.
1889 The species: N. burkei Veitch & Mast. is described.
1890 The species: N. stenophylla Mast. is described.
1891 The species: N. treubiana Warb. is described.
1893 The hybrid: N. Mixta (northiana x maxima ) is created by Tivey
1895 The hybrid: N. Hookerae (rafflesiana x mirabilis ) is created by Taplin
1897 The hybrid: N. Formosa (Chelsonii x distillatoria ) is created by Veitch
The hybrid: N. Tiveyi (maxima x veitchii) is created by Tivey
The hybrid: N. Wittei (Curtisii x stenophylla) is created by Witte
1900
1901 The hybrid: N. Siebrechtiana (Hybrida x mirabilis) is created by Siebrecht
1903 The hybrid: N. Gautieri (northiana x Mixta) is created by Gautier
1905 The species: N. macfarlanei Hemsl. is described.
The hybrids: N. Boisiana (Tiveyi x Wrigleyana) & N. Deslogesii (Tiveyi x Mixta) are created by Jarry-Desloges
1908 The species: N. anamensis Macf., N. deaniana Macf., N. gracillima Ridl., N. neglecta Macf. & N. philippinensis Macf. are described.
The hybrid: N. Dyeriana (Mixta x Dicksoniana) is created by Tivey
1909 The species: N. thorelii Lecomte is described.
The hybrid: N. Dr. John McFarlane (sanguinea x maxima) is created by Veitch
1910 The hybrids: N. Nishijimae (Mixta x Hookeriana) & N. Toyotamaensis (Mixta x rafflesiana) are created by Nishijima
1911 The species: N. merrilliana Macf., N. neoguineensis Macf., N. truncata Macf. are described.
1914 The hybrid: N. Fukubae (Mixta x Wrigleyana) is created by Fukuba
1916 The species: N. klosii Ridl. is described. & N. mirabilis (Lour.) Druce is renamed.
1917 The hybrid: N. Junghunii Ridl. is described.
1922 The hybrid: N. Excelsa (veitchii x sanguinea ) is created by Macfarlane?
1928 The species: N. carunculata Danser, N. clipeata Danser, N. ephippiata Danser, N. fusca Danser, N. inermis Danser, N. insignis Danser, N. leptochila Danser, N. mollis Danser, N. paniculata Danser, N. papuana Danser, N. petiolata Danser, N. pilosa Danser, N. spectabilis Danser, N. tobaica Danser, N. tomoriana Danser are described.
Natural hybrid: N. Dubia Danser (bongso x inermis) is described.
1930 The hybrid: N. Katagirii (Mixta Oiso x maxima) is created by Ikeda
The hybrid: N. Mino'o' (ventricosa x Mastersiana) is created by Mino'o-en
1931 The hybrids: N. Hoelscheri (Mixta x Rufescens) & Reuthei (Mixta x Mastersiana) are created by Bonstedt
1935 The species: N. spathulata Danser is described.
1939 The species: N. bongso Korth is described.
The hybrid: Gojimae (Mixta Oiso x Hookeriana) is created by Ikeda
1940 The species: N. densiflora Danser is described.
The hybrid: N. Ikedae (Mixta Oiso x Dyeriana) is created by Ikeda
1948 The hybrid: N. Takayuki Sakai (reinwardtiana x thorelii) is created by Kondo & Sakai
1950 The hybrid: N. Leutenant R.B. Pring (Chelsonii x Dominii) and its many cultivars are created by Pring
1951 The hybrid: N. Tsujimoto (Mastersiana x Wrigleyana) is created by Takarazuka
1955 The hybrid: N. Boissiensis (distillatoria x Superba) is created by Lecoufle-Bert
The Present:
1964 The hybrid: N. Fukakusana (rafflesiana x Dyeriana) is created by Toyoshima
The hybrid: N. Minamiensis (Mixta Oiso x Wrigleyana) is created by Naito
1966 The species: N. muluensis Hotta is described.
The hybrid: N. Princeps (Mixta x Dyeriana) is created by Kondo
1967 The hybrid: N. Nagoya (Mixta x thorelii) is created by Kondo
1969 The species: N. bellii Kondo is described.
1973 The species: N. campanulata Kurata & N. rhombicaulis Kurata are described.
1974 The Hybrid: N. Accentual Koto (thorelii x Hookeriana) is created by Kawase. (All Kawase Hybrids for 1974 begin with "A", 1975 = "B", 1976 = "C" and so forth, Simple!, o honto desu ka?)
1976 Natural hybrid: N. Kinabaluensis Kurata (rajah x villosa) is described.
1977 The species: N. masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger is described.
1979 Natural hybrids: N. Merrilliata Bednar (merrilliana x alata), N. Mirabilata Bednar (mirabilis x alata) & N. Ventrata Fleming (ventricosa x alata) are described.
1982 The hybrid: N. LeeAnn Marie (ventricosa x Ventrata) is created by Bednar
1983 Natural hybrid: N. Trusmadiensis Marabini (villosa x lowii) is described.
1984 The species: N. eymae Kurata, N. glabrata Tunb. & Middl. & N. hamata Turnb. & Middl. are described.
1986 The species: N. adnata Tamin & Hotta nom. nud. is proposed.
1987 The species: N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid. is described.
Regulations established under the CITES act regarding the trade in N. rajah and N. khasiana.
1989 The species: N. soma nom. dub. aff. maxima appears in Japanese catalogs.
The species: N. borneensis Adam & Wilcock is described.
Natural hybrids: N. Ferrugineo-marginata Lecoufle (reinwardtiana x albomarginata) & N. Kuchingensis Lecoufle (ampullaria x mirabilis) are described.
1990 The species: N. mapuluensis Adam & Wilcock nom. nud. is proposed.
1991 Natural hybrids: N. Cantleyi Westphal. (bicalcarata x gracilis ) & N. Grabilis Westfahl(gracilis x mirabilis)are described.
1992 Natural hybrids: N. Alisaputraiana Adm. & Wilc.(burbidgeae x rajah) & N. Sarawakiensis Adm&Wil (tentaculata x muluensis) are described.
1993 Natural hybrids: N. Truncalata Bednar (truncata x alata) & N. Tsangoya Bednar (Merrilliata x mirabilis) are described.
Natural hybrids: N. Debbertii Westphal. (clipeata x burkei) &N. Ventrinermis Westphal. (inermis x ventricosa) are described.
1994 The species: N. aristolochioidesis , N. danseri Waigeo & Halmahera, N. diatas , N. macrophylla Marabini & N. murudensis Culham are described.
1995 The species: N. longifolia Nerz & Wistuba, N. obovata Nerz & Wistuba, N. talagensis Nerz & Wistuba & N. tenuis Nerz & Wistuba are described.
Nepenthes Hybrids List
PREFACE:
Cultivars in boldface exist in collections.
Underlined dates are the actual first cross.
'Err.' refers to erroneous name or parentage.
'Cv.' refers to actual cultivar used in cross.
A
Accentual Koto 1974 Kawase
= thorelii x Hookeriana
x mirabilis = Fervent Koto (1979)
x Splendiana = Mathesonii (1989)
x thorelii = Facetious Koto (1979)
adnata Tamin & Hotta 1986 Borneo
Aichi 1986 Kondo & Sakai
= thorelii x Reuthii
Aigae 1989
= Mixta Oiso x thorelii
CULTIVAR: 'Akaba'
'Hamafuefuki'
'Hiramasa'
'Ogo'
alata Blanco 1837 P, S, M, B
SYNONYM: blancoi Bl.
cristata Brogn.
copelandii Merr. ex Macf.
eustachya Boer, Macf, Miq
graciliflora Elm.
kosobe Hort.
melamphora Fern. - Vill.
phyllamphora
CULTIVAR: 'Boschiana Mimic'
'Luzon'
x ampullaria = Daytona (1988)
x merrilliana = Merrilliata Natural Hybrid
x maxima =
x mirabilis = Mirabilata Natural Hybrid
x Mixta = Arakawae (1970)
x thorelii = Yubama
x truncata = Truncalata Natural Hybrid
x ventricosa = Ventrata Natural Hybrid
albomarginata Lobb & Lindl. 1849 M, S, B
SYNONYM: albo-cincta Hort.
laevis C. Morr.
teysmanniana Miq.
tomentella Miq.
tupmanniana Bonst.
x fusca =
x maxima = Curtisii Natural Hybrid
x northiana = Cincta Natural Hybrid
x reinwardtiana = Ferrugineo-marginata
Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Masahiroi (1986)
x tobaica =
x ventricosa =
Alisaputraiana Adam & Wilc. 1992 Borneo
= burbidgeae x rajah Natural Hybrid
Ambrosial Koto 1974 Kawase
= Trichocarpa x Hookeriana
ampullaria Jack 1835 M, S, B, N
SYNONYM: ampullaceae Bl.
wittata Hort. & G. Beck.
CULTIVAR: 'Cantley's Red'
x alata = Daytona (1988)
x gracilis = Trichocarpa Natural Hybrid
x mirabilis = Kuchingensis Natural Hybrid
x rafflesiana = Hookeriana Natural Hybrid
x veitchii = Lesliei (1992)
anamensis Macf. 1908 Indochina
SYNONYM: geoffrayi Lecomte
kampotiana Lecomte
micholitzii Bonstedt
x Dreamy Koto = *
x Dyeriana = Prosperity* (1978)
x khasiana = Sullivanii* (1983)
x maxima = Splendiana* (1984)
x mirabilis =
x Mixta = Redlanderii* (1986)
x Superba = *
x ventricosa = Margaretea* (1983)
* kampotiana used in this cross
Andrewensis 1992 Bednar
= Margaretea x khasiana
Arakawae 1970 Toyoshima
= Mixta x alata
Attractive Koto 1974 Kawase
= thorelii x ventricosa
B
bellii Kondo 1969 Philippines
SYNONYM: globamphora Kur & Toy
x merrilliana =
x Merrilliata = Nambara*
x thorelii = Fushimiensis* (1970)
x ventricosa = Whitneyi*
* globamphora used in cross
Benign Koto 1975 Kawase
= rafflesiana x Fukakusana
bicalcarata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo
SYNONYM: dyak Moore
x Dyeriana = Florida (1987)
x gracilis = Cantleyi Natural Hybrid
x Hookeriana =
x khasiana =
x mirabilis =
x rafflesiana = Natural Hybrid
x Rokko =
Blakei 1988 Bednar
= Margaretea x mirabilis
Boisiana 1905 Jarry-Desloges
= Tiveyi x Wrigleyana
bongso Korth. 1839 Sumatra
x gymnamphora = Natural Hybrid
x inermis = Dubia Natural Hybrid
boschiana Korth. 1839 Borneo
burbidgeae Hook.f. & Burb. 1882 Borneo
SYNONYM: phyllamphora Stapf.
pilosa Danser
x fusca = Natural Hybrid
x rajah = Alisaputraiana
Natural Hybrid
C
campanulata Kur. 1973 Borneo
Cantleyi Westphal. 1991 Borneo
= bicalcarata x gracilis Natural Hybrid
x mirabilis =
carunculata Danser 1928 Sumatra
Cathy Jo 1988 Bednar
= Leesii x Splendiana
Chelsonii * 1872 Seden
= Dominii x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: 'Excelsa' (1882)
x distillatoria = Formosa (1897)
x Dominii = Lt. R.B. Pring (1950)
x rafflesiana = Edinensis (1888)
* EXTINCT: current forms are Edinensis
Cincta Mast. 1884 Borneo
= northiana x albomarginata Natural Hybrid
clipeata Danser 1928 Borneo
x ventricosa = Debbertii 1993
x maxima =
x ventricosa =
Courtii 1877 Court
= hirsuta * x Dominii
CULTIVAR: Hybrida Maculata Elongata
x hirsuta = Rufescens (1888)
* err. gracilis
Cravenii 1989 Bednar
= Wrigleyana x mirabilis
Curtisii 1887 Borneo
= albomarginata x maxima Natural Hybrid
CULTIVAR: Albomax (1993)
x stenophylla = Wittei (1897)
Cylindrica 1887 Tivey
= distillatoria x veitchii
D
Dainty Koto 1977 Kawase
= thorelii x merrilliana (surigaoensis)
Dashy Koto 1977 Kawase
= Mixtax merrilliana
CULTIVAR: Festal Koto (1979)
Davineana 1989 Bednar
= Mixta x Fulgent Koto
Daytona 1988 Dodd
CULTIVAR: Ron Determann* (1988)
= ampullaria x alata
* Usually called N. Ron Determann, only surviving cultivar.
deaniana Macf. 1908 Philippines
x ventricosa = Yoyogi (1989)
Debbertii 1993 Westphal.
= clipeata x ventricosa (burkei)
* maxima, err.
Delectable Koto 1977 Kawase
= thorelii x rafflesiana
CULTIVAR: Amy Michele (1989)
Shamenbana
Delightful Koto 1977 Kawase
= Trichocarpa x Fukakusana
densiflora Danser 1940 Celebes
SYNONYM: singalana Tamin & Hotta
Deslogesii 1905 Jarry-Desloges
= Tiveyi x Mixta
CULTIVAR: Caroli-Schmidtii (1931)
Gamerii (1905)
Krausii (1931)
Paulii (1922)
Petersii (1931)
Ratzii (1931)
Remillensis (1908)
Remilly (1905)
Siebertii (1931)
Vallierae (1905)
Dianiana 1986 Bednar
= Splendiana x Mixta
Dicksoniana 1888 Lindsay
= rafflesiana x veitchii
x Mixta = Dyeriana (1908)
Dignified Koto 1977 Kawase
= Trichocarpa x Dyeriana
Dinkum Koto 1977 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x maxima
distillatoria L. 1753 Ceylon
SYNONYM: chapmanii Balakr.
cristataBrown
destallatoria Danser
hirs.v. glabrescensWG Sm.
indica Poir.
rubra Nichols
smithii G. Beck
speciosa Hort. & G. Beck.
trichocarpa Hort.
zeylanica Raf.
x Chelsonii = Formosa (1897)
x Superba = Boissiensis (1955)
x veitchii = Cylindrica (1887)
x ventricosa = Hybrida (1989)
Divine Koto 1977 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x veitchii
Dr. John McFarlane 1909 Veitch
= sanguinea x maxima
CULTIVAR: Atro-purpurea (1922)
Nobilis (1910)
Dominii 1872 Dominy
= rafflesiana x hirsuta
CULTIVAR: Balfouriana* (1899)
Dominiana (1862)
Intermedia (1875)
'Intermedia' (1887)
Intermd. Hybrida (1879)
Nephelophylla (1991)
x Chelsonii = Lt. R. B. Pring (1950)
x hirsuta = Courtii (1877)
x Hookeriana = Chelsonii (1872)
x Lt. R.B. Pring = @
x rafflesiana = Rafflesiana pallida (1877)
x Rokko = Weignerii (1984)
* err. listed as Mixta x Mastersiana
@ Dominii 'Intermedia' used in this cross
Dreamy Koto 1977 Kawase
= thorelii x veitchii
CULTIVAR: Yatomi (1967?)
x anamensis =
x khasiana =
x Mixta Oiso = Nago
x rafflesiana =
x Rokko =
x thorelii = Igneous Koto (1982)
x veitchii = Dreamy Yamamato
x Wrigleyana =
Dreamy Yamamoto
= Dreamy Koto x veitchii
Dubia Danser 1928 Sumatra
= bongso x inermis Natural Hybrid
SYNONYM: bongso Tamin & Hotta
x ventricosa =
Dwarf Peacock 1986 Bednar
= thorelii x Emmarene
Dyeriana 1908 Tivey
= Mixta x Dicksoniana
CULTIVAR: F.W. Moore (1904)
Goettingensis (1931)
Picturata (1903)
Sir W.T. Dyer (1900)
x anamensis = Prosperity (1978)
x bicalcarata = Florida (1987)
x mirabilis = Mihara
x Mixta = Princeps (1966)
x Mixta Oiso = Ikedae (1940)
x rafflesiana = Fukakusana (1964)
x Rokko = Foremost Koto (1979)
x thorelii =
x Trichocarpa = Dignified Koto (1977)
x Wrigleyana = Eternal Koto (1978)
E
Easeful Koto 1978 Kawase
= mirabilis x Fukakusana
Edinensis 1888 Lindsay
= rafflesiana x Chelsonii
CULTIVAR: 'Chelsonii' err.
Chelsonii Excellens(1906)
Chelsonii Irregulata
x mirabilis = *
* cv. 'Chelsonii' used in cross
Elaborative Koto 1978 Kawase
= thorelii x Dyeriana
x mirabilis = Hareliana (1990)
Elfine Koto 1978 Kawase
= thorelii x Tsujimoto
Emmarene 1981 Pratt
= ventricosa x khasiana
CULTIVAR: 'Savanah Rose'
x thorelii = Dwarf Peacock (1986)
x Ventrata = Inexpecta (1988)
Emotional Koto 1978 Kawase
= thorelii x Wrigleyana
CULTIVAR: Glazy Koto (1980)
Nasu (1979)
Engaging Koto 1978 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x Hookeriana
ephippiata Danser 1928 Borneo
Eternal Koto 1978 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x Dyeriana
Excellens 1984 Bednar
= Rokko x Mixta
CULTIVAR: 'Jessica Laureen'
'Superba'
Excelsa 1922 Macf.
= veitchii x sanguinea
Excelsior 1885 Taplin
= rafflesiana x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Amabilis (1888)
Amesiana (1893)
Decorous Koto (1977)
Kiso
F
Fabulous Koto 1979 Kawase
= khasiana x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Feminine Koto (1979)
Facetious Koto 1979 Kawase
= thorelii x Accentual Koto
Facile Koto 1979 Kawase
= Mastersiana x thorelii
fallax G.Beck 1895 Borneo
SYNONYM: boschiana Macf.
boschiana v. lowii Hook.f.
maxima v. lowii Becc.
pilosa Phillipps & Lamb
sandakanensis Ad. & Wilc.
stenophylla Danser
Ferrugineo-marginata 1989 B, M, S
= reinwardtiana x albomarginata Natural Hybrid
Fervent Koto 1979 Kawase
= mirabilis x Accentual Koto
Festive Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x thorelii
Feverish Koto 1979 Kawase
= Mastersiana x merrilliana
Fickle Koto 1979 Kawase
= Mastersiana x Hookeriana
Fine Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x Hookeriana
Florida 1987 Dodd
CULTIVAR: Nina Dodd* (1987)
= bicalcarata x Dyeriana
* Usually referred to as N. Nina Dodd, only surviving Cultivar.
Forceful Koto 1979 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x fusca
Foremost Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x Dyeriana
CULTIVAR: Tametomo
Formal Koto 1979 Kawase
= rafflesiana x fusca
Formosa 1897 Kew
= Chelsonii x distillatoria
Frosty Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x fusca
Fruity Koto 1979 Kawase
= thorelii x Fukakusana
Fukakusana 1964 Toyoshima
= rafflesiana x Dyeriana
CULTIVAR: Mizuho (1965)
x mirabilis = Easeful Koto (1978)
x rafflesiana = Benign Koto (1975)
x thorelii = Frosty Koto (1979)
x Trichocarpa = Delightful Koto (1977)
Fukubae 1914 Fukuba
= Mixta x Wrigleyana
CULTIVAR: Shinjuku (1930)
Shinj. Grandifolia
Fulgent Koto 1979 Kawase
= fusca x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Thofu (1993)
x Mixta = Davineana
fusca Danser 1928 Borneo
SYNONYM: stenophylla Mast.
x albomarginata =
x burbidgeae = Natural Hybrid
x rafflesiana = Formal Koto (1979)
x Rokko = Frosty Koto (1979)
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Fulgent Koto (1979)
x veitchii = Natural Hybrid
x Wrigleyana = Forceful Koto (1979)
Fushimiensis 1970 Toyoshima
= bellii *x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Niwa
* globamphora used in cross
Fuso 1989
= Mixta Oiso x khasiana
G
Gautieri 1903 Gautier
= northiana x Mixta
CULTIVAR: Fournieri (1903)
Maria-Louisa (1903)
Mercieri (1903)
Simonii (1903)
Giddy Koto 1980 Kawase
= khasiana x Hookeriana
glabrata Turn. & Middl. 1984 Celebes
SYNONYM: rubromaculata Kurata
x maxima =
x veichii = Joanne Holland (1989)
Glaring Koto 1980 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x rafflesiana
Glorious Koto 1980 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x Rokko
Glossy Koto 1980 Kawase
= mirabilis x Rokko
Gojimae 1939 Ikeda
= Mixta Oiso x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Koiwado
Grabilis Westphal. 1991 Borneo
= gracilis x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
SYNONYM: Ghazalliana A. & Wilc.
gracilis Korth 1839 M, S, B, C
SYNONYM: angustifolia Mast.
distillatoria Jack,Steu,Wal
korthalsiana Miq.
laevis Lindl.
longinodes G. Beck
teysmanniana Miq.
x ampullaria = Trichocarpa Natural Hybrid
x bicalcarata = Cantleyi Natural Hybrid
x Hookeriana =
x mirabilis = Grabilis Natural Hybrid
x Mixta =
x rafflesiana = Natural Hybrid
gracillima Ridl. 1908 M, S
SYNONYM: alba Ridl.
bongso Ridl.
ramispina Ridl.
singalana Macf.
x macfarlanei = Natural Hybrid
x sanguinea = Natural Hybrid
gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees 1824 Sumatra, Borneo
SYNONYM: borneensis Adam & Wilcock
melamphora Reinw. ex Bl.
pectinata Danser
rosulata Tamin & Hotta
singalana Tamin & Hotta
spinosa Tamin & Hotta
x bongso = Natural Hybrid
x singalana = Natural Hybrid
H
hamata T. & Mid. 1984 Celebes
SYNONYM: dentata Kurata
x talagensis =
Hamakumiko
= Mixta Oiso x soma Seream
Hareliana 1990 Bednar
= mirabilis x Elaborative Koto
CULTIVAR: 'Alba' (1990)
'Boca Rose' (1990)
'Rouge' (1990)
'Vittata' (1990)
Harrisiana 1989 Bednar
= Splendiana x reinwardtiana
Hideki
= ventricosa (burkei) x Mixta Oiso
hirsuta Hook.f. 1873 Borneo
SYNONYM: hispida G. Beck
leptochila Danser
neglecta Macf.
zeylanica
x Courtii = Rufescens (1888)
x Dominii = Courtii (1877)
x Mixta Oiso = Superi
x rafflesiana = Dominii (1862)
x veitchii =
Hoelscheri 1931 Bonst.
= Mixta x Rufescens
Hookerae 1895 Taplin
= rafflesiana x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
CULTIVAR: Nakanogo (1980)
Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf. 1848 M, B, S
= rafflesiana x ampullaria Natural Hybrid
SYNONYM: elongata G. Beck. & Macf.
hookeri Alphand
Hook. Elongata Wilson
Hybrida Elongata Beck
loddigesii W. Baxt.
raffl. v. excelsior G. Beck.
raffl. v. hookeriana Becc.
x bicalcarata =
x Dominii = Chelsonii (1872)
x gracilis =
x Hybrida = Superba (1879)
x khasiana = Giddy Koto (1980)
x Lt. R.B. Pring =
x Mastersiana = Fickle Koto (1979)
x mirabilis = Wrigleyana (1882)
x Mixta = Nishijimae (1910)
x Mixta Oiso = Gojimae (1939)
x rafflesiana = Excelsior (1885)
x Rokko = Fine Koto (1979)
x thorelii = Accentual Koto (1974)
x Trichocarpa = Ambrosial Koto (1974)
x Wrigleyana = Engaging Koto (1978)
Hybrida* 1868 Seden
= distillatoria x ventricosa
CULTIVAR: Butcherii (1989)
B. 'Alta May' (1989)
Sedenii* (1872)
x Hookeriana = Superba (1879)
x khasiana = Nakaccho
x Maxima = Kihachijo
x mirabilis = Siebrechtiana (1882)
x rafflesiana = Lyrata (1877)
x veitchii = Rubro-maculata (1877)
* err. listed as khasiana x gracilis
Hyogo 1993
= thorelii x soma 'Seream'
I
Igneous Koto 1982 Kawase
= thorelii x Dreamy Koto
CULTIVAR: Sakura
Ikedae 1940 Ikeda
= Mixta Oiso x Dyeriana
inermis Danser 1928 Sumatra
SYNONYM: bongso Tamin & Hotta
x bongso = Dubia Natural Hybrid
x ventricosa = Ventrinermis (1993)
Inexpecta 1988 Bednar
= Ventrata x Emmarene
J
Joanne Holland 1989 Gibson
= glabrata x veitchii
Junghunii Ridl. 1917 Sumatra
= sanguinea x singalana Natural Hybrid
K
Kalamity 1988 Bednar
= Margaretea x Superba 'Hibberdii'
Katagirii 1930 Ikeda
= Mixta Oiso x maxima
CULTIVAR: Kikuchiae (1967)
x mirabilis =
khasiana Hook.f. 1873 India
SYNONYM: distillatoria R. Grah.
melamphora Hook.f.
phyllamphora Reg & Sims
rubra Hort. & Rafarin
x anamensis = Sullivanii (1983)
x bicalcarata =
x Dreamy Koto =
x Hookeriana = Giddy Koto (1980)
x Hybrida = Nakaccho
x Margaretea = Andrewensis (1992)
x Mixta Oiso = Fuso (1989)
x Nagoya =
x Rokko = Noboriryu
x sanguinea = Mastersiana (1881)
x thorelii = Fabulous Koto (1979)
x Ventrata = Khasiata (1983)
x ventricosa = Emmarene (1981)
x Wrigleyana =
Khasiata 1983 Bednar
= khasiana x Ventrata
Kihachijo
= Hybrida x Maxima
Kinabaluensis Kur. 1976 Borneo
= rajah x villosa Natural Hybrid
klossii Ridl. 1916 New Guinea
Kuchingensis 1989 Bo, NG, Ma, Sum
= ampullaria x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
L
LeeAnn Marie 1982 Bednar
= ventricosa x Ventrata
Leesii 1983 Bednar
= mirabilis x Mixta
CULTIVAR: Ile de France* (1981)
x rafflesiana =
x Splendiana = Cathy Jo (1988)
x stenophylla =
* mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
Lesliei 1992 Dodd
= ampullaria x veitchii
Lt. R.B. Pring (F) 1950 Pring
= Chelsonii x Dominii
CULTIVAR: Director G.T. Moore (1950)
Dr. C. Fairburn (1950)
Dr. Edgar Anderson (1950)
Gerald Ulrichi (1950)
Henry Shaw (1950)
Joseph Cutak (1950)
Katherine Moore (1950)
Nel Horner (1950)
Saint Louis (1950)
x Dominii =
x Hookeriana =
x rafflesiana = Tokuyoshi Kondo (1986)
lowii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo
x burkei =
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x villosa = Trusmadiensis Natural Hybrid
Lyrata 1877 Court
= Hybrida x rafflesiana
CULTIVAR: Dormanniana (1882)
M
macfarlanei Hemsl. 1905 Malaysia
x gracillima = Natural Hybrid
x sanguinea = Natural Hybrid
macrovulgaris Turn. & Middl. 1987 Borneo
madagascariensis Poir. 1797 Madagascar
SYNONYM: distillatoria Brion
Madisonii 1986 Bednar
= Mixta x ventricosa
mapuluensis Ada & Wilc 1990 Borneo
x ventricosa =
Margaretea 1983 Bednar
= anamensis* x ventricosa
x khasiana = Andrewensis (1992)
x rafflesiana = Wilsonii (1987)
x Sullivanii = Mary Cruz (1987)
x Superba = Kalamity (1988)
x Truncalata = Yarosis (1989)
* kampotiana used in this cross
Mary Cruz 1987 Bednar
= Margaretea x Sullivanii
Masahiroi 1986 Kondo
= albomarginata x thorelii
masoalensis Schmid- Hollinger 1977 Madagascar
Mastersiana 1897 Court
= sanguinea x khasiana
CULTIVAR: 'Purpurea'
x Hookeriana = Fickle Koto (1979)
x merrilliana = Feverish Koto (1979)
x Mixta = Reuthei (1931)
x thorelii = Facile Koto (1979)
x Tiveyi = Ville de Rouen (1983)
x ventricosa = Mino'o' (1930)
x Wrigleyana = Tsujimoto (1951)
Mathesonii 1989 Bednar
= Splendiana x Accentual Koto
maxima Reinw./Nees 1824 C, B, N
SYNONYM: boschiana Becc.
celebica Hook.f.
Curtisii Mast. err.
Curtisii Hybrida err.
Curtisii Superba err.
eymae Kurata
infundibuliformis T. & Mid.
maxima Becc.
oblanceolata Ridl.
x alata =
x albomarginata = Curtisii Natural Hybrid
x anamensis = Splendiana (1984)
x clipeata = *
x glabrata =
x Hybrida = Kihachijo
x Mixta = Mixta Oiso (1914)
x Mixta Oiso = Katagirii (1930)
x northiana = Mixta (1892)
x sanguinea = Dr. John McFarlane (1909)
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Rokko (1970)
x tobaica =
x veitchii = Tiveyi (1897)
x ventricosa =
x Wrigleyana = Dinkum Koto (1977)
* eymae used in this cross
merrilliana Macf. 1911 Philippines
SYNONYM: merrillii Elm.
surigaoensis Elm.
x alata = Merrilliata Natural Hybrid
x bellii =
x Mastersiana = Feverish Koto (1979)
x Mixta = Dashy Koto (1977)
x petiolata =
x thorelii = Dainty Koto* (1977)
* surigaoensis used in cross
Merrilliata 1979 Philippines
= merrilliana x alata Natural Hybrid
x bellii = Nambara
x mirabilis = Tsangoya Natural Hybrid
Michael Lee 1986 Bednar
= Ventrata x Superba 'Hibberdii'
Mihara
= mirabilis x Dyeriana
Minamiensis 1964 Naito
= Mixta Oiso x Wrigleyana
CULTIVAR: 'Triumph'
Mino'o' 1930 Mino'o-en
= ventricosa x Mastersiana
Mirabilata
= mirabilis x alata Natural Hybrid
mirabilis (Lour.) Druce 1916 SE Asia
SYNONYM: albo-liniata F.M. Bail.
alicae F.M. Bail.
armbrustae F.M. Bail.
beccariana Macf.
bernaysii F.M. Bail.
cholmondeleyi F.M. Bail.
distillatoria Auct. ex Steud.
echinostoma Hook.f.
fimbriata Bl.
garrawayae F.M. Bail.
jardinei F.M. Bail.
kennedyana F Muel
kennedyi Benth.
macrostachya Bl.
molluccensis Oken.
moorei F.M. Bail.
o'brieniana Rod.
pascoensis F.M. Bail.
phyllamphora Willd
rowanae F.M. Bail.
smilesii Hemsl.
tubulosa Macf.
vieillardii Studnicka
CULTIVAR: Effulgent Koto* (1978)
'Greenhorn' (1989)
Hachijo* (1979)
Lecouflei (1978)
'Winged'
x Accentual Koto = Fervent Koto (1979)
x alata = Mirabilata Natural Hybrid
x ampullaria = Kuchingensis Natural Hybrid
x anamensis =
x bicalcarata =
x Cantleyi =
x Dyeriana = Mihara@
x Edinensis =
x Elaborative Koto = Hareliana@ (1990)
x Fukakusana = Easeful Koto (1978)
x gracilis = Grabilis Natural Hybrid
x Hookeriana = Wrigleyana (1882)
x Hybrida = Siebrechtiana (1882)
x Katagirii =
x Margaretea = Blakei (1988)
x Merriliata = Tsangoya Natural Hybrid
x Mixta = Leesii (1983)
x Mixta Oiso = Okuyama
x rafflesiana = Hookerae Natural Hybrid
x Rokko = Glossy Koto (1980)
x stenophylla =
x thorelii = @
x tobaica =
x veitchii =
x ventricosa =
x Wrigleyana = Cravenii (1989)
* mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
@ mirabilis 'Hachijo' used in cross
Mixta 1893 Tivey
= northiana x maxima
CULTIVAR: Alliottii (1922)
Grandis (1922)
Longicaudata (1922)
Northisii (1892)
Remillyensis (1909)
'Sanderiana' (1894)
Sanglant (1909)
'Sanguinea' (1894)
'Superba' (1894)
x alata = Arakawae (1970)
x anamensis = Redlanderii (1986)
x Dicksoniana = Dyeriana (1900)
x Dyeriana = Princeps (1966)
x Fulgent Koto = Davineana
x gracilis =
x Hookeriana = Nishijimae (1910)
x Mastersiana = Reuthei (1931)
x maxima = Mixta Oiso (1914)
x merrilliana = Dashy Koto (1977)
x mirabilis = Leesii (1983)
x northiana = Gautieri (1903)
x rafflesiana = Toyotamaensis (1910)
x Rokko = Excellens (1984)
x Rufescens = Hoelscheri (1931)
x Splendiana = Dianiana (1986)
x thorelii = Nagoya (1967)
x Tiveyi = Deslogesii (1905)
x ventricosa = Madisonii (1986)
x Wrigleyana = Shinjuku (1930)
Mixta Oiso
= Mixta x maxima
CULTIVAR: Behnickii (1931)
Goebelii (1918)
Koisoensis (1939)
Ladenburgii (1918)
Neufvilleana (1918)
Oisoensis (1935)
Roedigeri (1918)
Sakuradae (1935)
Staemmlieri (1931)
Ted Payne (1992)
x Dreamy Koto = Nago
x Dyeriana = Ikedae (1940)
x hirsuta = Superi
x Hookeriana = Gojimae (1939)
x khasiana = Fuso (1989)
x maxima = Katagirii (1930)
x mirabilis = Okuyama
x soma Seream = Hamakumiko
x thorelli = Aigae (1989)
x veitchii =
x ventricosa = Hideki
x Wrigleyana = Minamiensis (1964)
mollis Danser 1928 Borneo
muluensis Hotta 1966 Borneo
x tentaculata = Sarawakiensis Natural Hybrid
murudensis Culham 1994 Borneo
N
Nago
= Mixta Oiso x Dreamy Koto
Nagoya 1967 Kondo
= Mixta x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Immobile Koto (1982)
Suzue Kondo (1986)
S. 'Variegata' (1979)
x khasiana =
x Rokko =
Nakaccho
= Hybrida x khasiana
Nambara
= bellii * x Merrilliata
* globamphora used in cross
neoguineensis Macf. 1911 New Guinea
SYNONYM: leptoptera Zippel
Nishijimae 1910 Nishijima
= Mixta x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Shunkyuensis (1925)
Noboriryu
= Rokko x khasiana
northiana Hook.f. 1881 B, M
SYNONYM: decurrens Macf.
nordtiana Boerl.
spuria G. Beck.
x albomarginata = Cincta Natural Hybrid
x maxima = Mixta (1892)
x Mixta = Gautieri (1903)
x veitchii =
O
Okuyama
= Mixta Oiso x mirabilis
P
paniculata Danser 1928 New Guinea
papuana Danser 1928 New Guinea
SYNONYM: neoguineensis Ridl.
pervillei Bl. 1852 Seychelles
SYNONYM: wardii Wright
petiolata Danser 1928 Philippines
x merrilliana =
x truncata =
x veitchii =
philippinensis Macf. 1908 Philippines
SYNONYM: brachycarpa Merrill
Pitcheri 1901 Pitcher & Manda
= Wrigleyana x Superba
Princeps 1966 Kondo
= Mixta x Dyeriana
CULTIVAR: Shioji (1966)
Prosperity 1978 Kubo
= anamensis* x Dyeriana
* err. mirabilis
R
rafflesiana Jack 1835 M, S, B
SYNONYM: hemsleyana Macf.
hookeri Alph. & Hook.f.
hookeriana Low,Baxt,Bec
nigropurpurea Mast.
sanderiana Burb.
CULTIVAR: 'Elegance'
'Vittata'
x ampullaria = Hookeriana Natural Hybrid
x bicalcarata = Natural Hybrid
x Chelsonii = Edinensis (1888)
x Dominii = Rafflesiana Pallida (1877)
x Dreamy Koto =
x Dyeriana = Fukakusana (1964)
x Fukakusana = Benign Koto (1975)
x fusca = Formal Koto (1979)
x gracilis = Natural Hybrid
x hirsuta = Dominii (1862)
x Hookeriana = Excelsior (1885)
x Hybrida = Lyrata (1877)
x Leesii =
x Lt. R.B. Pring = Tokuyoshi Kondo (1986)
x Margaretea = Wilsonii (1987)
x mirabilis = Hookerae Natural Hybrid
x Mixta = Toyotamaensis (1910)
x spathulata =
x stenophylla =
x thorelii = Delectable Koto (1977)
x tobaica =
x veitchii = Dicksoniana (1888)
x ventricosa =
x Wrigleyana = Glaring Koto (1980)
Rafflesiana pallida 1877 Court
= Dominiix rafflesiana
rajah Hook.f. 1859 Borneo
x burbidgeae = Alisaputraiana Natural Hybrid
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x tentaculata = Natural Hybrid
x villosa = Kinabaluensis Natural Hybrid
Redlanderii 1986 Bednar
= anamensis*x Mixta
x Splendiana =
* kampotiana used in this cross
reinwardtiana Miq. 1852 M, S, B
SYNONYM: korthalsiana Macf.
reinwardtii Hook.F.
x albomarginata = Ferrugineomarginata
Natural Hybrid
x Splendiana = Harrisiana (1989)
x tentaculata = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Takayuki Sakai (1948)
x tobaica =
Reuthei 1931 Bonstedt
= Mixta x Mastersiana
x thorelii = Aichi (1986)
rhombicaulis Kur. 1973 Sumatra
Rokko 1977 Yamakawa
= thorelii x maxima
CULTIVAR: Balmy Koto (1975)
Ecstatic Koto (1978)
Masamiae (1970)
x bicalcarata =
x Dominii = Weignerii (1984)
x Dreamy Koto =
x Dyeriana = Foremost Koto (1979)
x fusca = Frosty Koto (1979)
x Hookeriana = Fine Koto (1979)
x khasiana = Noboriryu
x mirabilis = Glossy Koto (1980)
x Mixta = Excellens (1984)
x Nagoya =
x thorelii = Festive Koto (1979)
x tobaica =
x veitchii =
x Wrigleyana = Glorious Koto (1980)
Rubro-maculata 1877 Court
= Hybrida x veitchii
Rufescens 1888 Court
= Courtii x hirsuta
x Mixta = Hoelscheri (1931)
S
sanguinea Lindl. 1849 Malaysia
SYNONYM: pumila Griff.
x gracillima = Natural Hybrid
x khasiana = Mastersiana (1881)
x macfarlanei = Natural Hybrid
x maxima = Dr. John McFarlane (1909)
x singalana = Junghunii Natural Hybrid
x veitchii = Excelsa (1922)
x ventricosa =
Sarawakiensis Adm&Wil 1992 Borneo
= tentaculata x muluensis Natural Hybrid
Sheridaniana 1992 Bednar
= Splendiana x ventricosa
Siebrechtiana 1901 Siebrecht
= Hybrida x mirabilis
singalana Becc. 1886 Sumatra
SYNONYM: pectinata Danser
singalana Macf.
singalana Tamin & Hotta
x gymnamphora = Natural Hybrid
x sanguinea = Junghunii Natural Hybrid
soma Seream nom. dub. aff. maxima Celebes
x Mixta Oiso = Hamakumiko
x thorelii = Hyogo
spathulata Danser 1935 Sumatra
SYNONYM: dempoensis Hopkins et al.
singalana Tamin & Hotta
x rafflesiana =
x spectabilis =
spectabilis Danser 1928 Sumatra
x spathulata =
x ventricosa =
Splendiana 1984 Bednar
= anamensis*x maxima
x AccentualKoto = Mathesonii (1989)
x Leesii = Cathy Jo (1988)
x Mixta = Dianiana (1986)
x Redlanderii =
x reinwardtiana = Harrisiana (1989)
x Sullivanii = Vandiana (1990)
x ventricosa = Sheridaniana (1992)
* kampotiana used in this cross
stenophylla Mast. 1890 Borneo
SYNONYM: bosch. var. lowii Hook.f.
faizaliana Adam &Wilcock
fallax G.Beck
fucosa Beckwith
fusca Danser err.
maxima Becc.
veitchii End.
x Curtisii = Wittei (1897)
x fusca = Natural Hybrid
x Leesii =
x lowii = Natural Hybrid
x maxima = Natural Hybrid
x mirabilis =
x rafflesiana =
x rajah = Natural Hybrid
x tentaculata = Natural Hybrid
x veitchii = Natural Hybrid
Sullivanii 1983 Bednar
= anamensis*x khasiana
x Margaretea = Mary Cruz (1987)
x Splendiana = Vandiana (1990)
* kampotiana used in this cross
Superba 1880 Taplin
= Hybrida x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Henryana (1882)
Henryana Rubra
Hibberdii* (1888)
Outramiana (1879)
Williamsii (1880)
x distillatoria = Boissiensis (1955)
x anamensis = @
x Margaretea = Kalamity# (1988)
x Ventrata = Michael Lee# (1986)
x Wrigleyana = Pitcheri (1901)
* err. probably an alata hybrid
@ cv. Williamsii used in cross
# cv. Hibberdii used in cross
Superi
= Mixta Oiso x hirsuta
T
Takayuki Sakai 1948 Kondo & Sakai
= reinwardtiana x thorelii
talagensis Nerz & Wistuba 1995 Sumatra
x hamata =
tentaculata Hook.f. 1873 B, C
x muluensis = Sarawakiensis Natural Hybrid
x rajah = Natural Hybrid
x reinwardtiana = Natural Hybrid
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
thorelii Lecomte 1909 Cambodia
CULTIVAR: 'Aglow Koto' (1974)
'Felicitous Koto' (1979)
x Accentual Koto = Facetious Koto (1979)
x alata = Yubama
x albomarginata = Masahiroi (1986)
x bellii = Fushimiensis (1970)
x Dominii = Reuthii (1986)
x Dreamy Koto = Igneous Koto (1982)
x Dyeriana =
x Emmarene = Dwarf Peacock (1986)
x fusca = Fulgent Koto (1979)
x Hookeriana = Accentual Koto (1974)
x khasiana = Fabulous Koto (1979)
x Mastersiana = Facile Koto (1979)
x maxima = Rokko (1970)
x merrilliana = Dainty Koto (1977)
x mirabilis =
x Mixta = Nagoya (1967)
x Mixta Oiso = Aigae (1989)
x rafflesiana = Delectable Koto (1977)
x reinwardtiana = Takayuki Sakai (1948)
x Rokko = Festive Koto (1979)
x soma Seream = Hyogo (1993)
x truncata = Toyoshimae (1970)
x Tsujimoto = Elfine Koto (1978)
x veitchii = Dreamy Koto (1977)
x ventricosa = Attractive Koto (1974)
x Wittei =
x Wrigleyana = Emotional Koto (1978)
Tiveyi 1897 Tivey
= maxima x veitchii
CULTIVAR: Allardii (1931)
x Mastersiana = Ville de Rouen (1983)
x Mixta = Deslogesii (1905)
x Wrigleyana = Boissiana (1905)
tobaica Danser 1928 Sumatra
x albomarginata =
x maxima =
x mirabilis =
x rafflesiana =
x reinwardtiana =
x Rokko =
x Ventrata =
Tokuyoshi Kondo 1986 Kondo & Sakai
= Lieutenant R. B. Pring x rafflesiana
tomoriana Danser 1928 Celebes
Toyoshimae 1970 Toyoshima
= truncata x thorelii
Toyotamaensis 1910 Nishijima
= Mixta x rafflesiana
CULTIVAR: 'Inversa'
treubiana Warb. 1891 S, N
SYNONYM: boschiana Miq.
boschiana v. sumatrana Miq.
maxima v. sumatrana Becc.
spinosa Tamin & Hotta
sumatrana (Miq.) G.Beck
Trichocarpa Miq. 1855 S, B, M
= ampullaria x gracilis Natural Hybrid
x Dyeriana = Dignified Koto (1977)
x Fukakusana = Delightful Koto (1977)
x Hookeriana = Ambrosial Koto (1974)
Truncalata Philippines
= truncata x alata Natural Hybrid
x Margaretea = Yarosis (1989)
truncata Macf. 1911 Philippines
SYNONYM: megamphora Merr. & Quis.
x alata = Truncalata Natural Hybrid
x petiolata =
x thorelii = Toyoshimae (1970)
x ventricosa =
Trusmadiensis 1983 Borneo
SYNONYM: Lowilosa (1981)
= villosa (edwardsiana)x lowii Natural Hybrid
Tsangoya 1993 Bednar
= Merrilliata x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
Tsujimoto 1951 Takarazuka
= Mastersiana x Wrigleyana
x thorelii = Elfine Koto (1978)
V
Vandiana 1990 Bednar
= Splendiana x Sullivanii
veitchii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo
SYNONYM: lanata Mast. & Lindl.
sanguinea Mast.
x ampullaria = Lesliei (1992)
x distillatoria = Cylindrica (1887)
x Dreamy Koto = Dreamy Yamamoto
x fusca = Natural Hybrid
x glabrata = Joanne Holland (1989)
x hirsuta =
x Hybrida = Rubro-maculata (1877)
x maxima = Tiveyi (1897)
x mirabilis =
x Mixta Oiso =
x northiana =
x petiolata =
x rafflesiana = Dicksoniana (1888)
x Rokko =
x sanguinea = Excelsa (1922)
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Dreamy Koto (1977)
x Wrigleyana = Divine Koto (1977)
Ventrata 1979 Philippines
= ventricosa x alata Natural Hybrid
CULTIVAR: Issey* (1989)
Kokkome
Zonal Koto* 1983
x Emmarene = Inexpecta (1988)
x khasiana = Khasiata (1983)
x Superba = Michael Lee (1986)
x tobaica =
x ventricosa = LeeAnn Marie (1982)
* N.burkei used in this cross
ventricosa Blanc. 1837 Philippines
SYNONYM: burkei Masters
x alata = Ventrata Natural Hybrid
x albomarginata =
x anamensis = Margaretea (1983)
x belli = Whitneyi
x clipeata = Debbertii* (1993)
x deaniana = Yoyogi (1989)
x distillatoria = Hybrida (1872)
x Dubia =
x inermis = Ventrinermis (1993)
x khasiana = Emmarene (1981)
x lowii = *
x mapuluensis =
x Mastersiana = Mino'o' (1930)
x maxima =
x mirabilis =
x Mixta = Madisonii (1986)
x Mixta Oiso = Hideki*
x rafflesiana =
x sanguinea =
x spectabilis =
x Splendiana = Sheridaniana (1992)
x thorelii = Attractive Koto (1974)
x truncata =
x Ventrata = LeeAnn Marie (1992)
* N. burkei used in this cross
Ventrinermis 1993 Westphal.
= inermis x ventricosa
vieillardii Hook.f 1873 N G, New Caledonia
SYNONYM: bongso Guillaum.
distillatoria Jeanneney
humilis S. Moore
montrouzieri Dub.
neocaledonica Muel & Hec
Ville de Rouen 1981 Lecoufle
= Tiveyi* x Mastersiana
* err. Superba
villosa Hook.f. 1852 Borneo
SYNONYM: edgeworthii Rchb.f.
edwardsiana Low ex Hook.f.
edwarsiana sp. macrophylla
harryana
x lowii = Trusmadiensis Natural Hybrid
x rajah = Kinabaluensis Natural Hybrid
W
Weignerii 1984 Bedn/Weig.
= Rokko x Dominii
Whitneyi Dodd
= bellii x ventricosa
Wilsonii 1987 Bednar
= rafflesiana x Margaretea
Wittei 1897 Witte
= Curtisii* x stenophylla
CULTIVAR: Higra (1993)
x thorelii =
* err. maxima
Wrigleyana 1882 Court
= mirabilis x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Anerlayensis (1895)
Arnoldiensis (1895)
Atrosanguinea* (1882)
Coccinea (1882)
Compacta (1885)
Ebony Koto (1978)
Eyermannii (1901)
Hamiltoniana (1901)
Kosobe (1979)
Lawrenciana (1880)
Morganiana (1881)
Morganiae (1883)
'Oriental Rouge'
Paradisae (1888)
Patersonii (1901)
Ratcliffiana (1882)
Robusta (1880)
Splendida (1908)
Stewartii# (1879)
'Viridescens'
x Dreamy Koto =
x Dyeriana = Eternal Koto (1978)
x khasiana = @
x Mixta Oiso = Minamiensis (1964)
x fusca = Forceful Koto (1979)
x Hookeriana = Engaging Koto (1978)
x Mastersiana = Tsujimoto (1951)
x maxima = Dinkum Koto (1977)
x mirabilis = Cravenii (1989)
x Mixta = Shinjuku (1930)
x rafflesiana = Glaring Koto (1980)
x Rokko = Glorious Koto (1980)
x Superba = Pitcheri (1901)
x thorelii = Emotional Koto (1978)
x Tiveyi = Boisiana (1905)
x veitchii = Divine Koto (1977)
* err. distillatoria x Hybrida 'Sedenii'
# EXTINCT
@ Atro-sanguinea used in cross
Y
Yarosis 1989 Bednar
= Truncalata x Margaretea
Yoyogi 1989
= ventricosa x deaniana
Yubama
= alata x thorelii
UNKNOWN:
Alleniana 1901 Miller
Benectii 1989 Juniper, Robins & Joel
Broomeana 1891 Lindsay
Claytonii 1901 Miller
Craigiana 1901 Miller
cutinensis
Doradisiae 1897 Hort.
Edmundsii 1901 Miller
Elmenhorstiana 1901 Miller
Findlayana 1888 Wms. ex Nichols
Heian 1985 Toyoshima
Johnsonii 1901 Miller
lindleyana Low&Bax 1850
Lonewoodii 1901 Miller
Mayi 1901 Miller
Osborniana 1901 Miller
Roeblingii 1901 Miller
Savageana 1901 Miller
Seemannii 1901 Miller
Shelburnei 1889 Siebrecht
Taipei
Taplinii 1901 Miller
Thorpeiana 1908 Macfarlane
Tildeniana 1901 Miller
viridis Macf. 1886
Wadleyana 1901 Miller
Alphabetical List of Species, Hybrids and Cultivars
For a complete list see "Nomenclatural Synopsis of Carnivores" by Jan Schlauer
Plants in bold exist in collections.
A
Accentual Koto 1974 Kawase = thorelii x Hookeriana
adnata Tamin & Hotta 1986 Sumatra SPECIES
Aglow Koto (1974) Kawase = thorelii Lecomte
Aichi 1986 Kondo & Sakai = thorelii x Reuthii
Aigae 1989 = Mixta Oiso x thorelii
'Akaba' (1989) = Aigae
'Hamafuefuki' (1989) = Aigae
'Hiramasa' (1989) = Aigae
'Ogo' (1989) = Aigae
alata Blanco 1837 P, S, M, B SPECIES
'Boschiana Mimic' = alata Blanco
'Luzon' = alata Blanco
albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. 1849 M, S, B SPECIES
Albomax Hort. Westphal. (1993) Natural Hybrid = Curtisii
Alisaputraiana Adm. & Wilc. 1992 Natural Hybrid = burbidgeae x rajah
Allardii (1931) Allard = Tiveyi
Alleniana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Alliottii (1922) Fournier = Mixta
Amabilis (1888) Williams = Excelsior
Ambrosial Koto 1974 Kawase =Trichocarpa x Hookeriana
Amesiana (1893) Veitch = Excelsior
ampullaria Jack 1835 M, S, B, N SPECIES
'Cantley's Red' Slack = ampullaria Jack
Amy Michele (1989) Bednar = Delectable Koto
anamensis Macf. 1908 Indochina SPECIES
Andrewensis 1992 Bednar = Margaretea x khasiana
Anerlayensis (1895) G. Beck = Wrigleyana
Arakawae 1970 Toyoshima = Mixta x alata
Arnoldiensis (1895) G. Beck = Wrigleyana
Atro-purpurea (1922) Macf. = Dr. John McFarlane
Atro-sanguinea* 1882 Taplin = Wrigleyana
* err.
distillatoria x Hybrida
Attractive Koto 1974 Kawase = thorelii x ventricosa
B
Balfouriana* (1899) Tivey = Dominii
* err. Mixta x
Mastersiana
Balmy Koto 1975 Kawase = Rokko
Behnickii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
bellii Kondo 1969 Philippines SPECIES
Benectii 1989 Juniper = ? x ?
Benign Koto 1975 Kawase = rafflesiana x Fukakusana
bicalcarata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo SPECIES
Blakei 1988 Bednar = Margaretea x mirabilis
Boisiana 1905 Jarry-Desloges = Tiveyi x Wrigleyana
Boissiensis* 1955 Lecoufle-Bert = distillatoria * x
Superba
* err. gracilis
Rubra = Boissiense
bongso Korth 1939 Sumatra SPECIES
boschiana Korth. 1839 Borneo SPECIES
Broomeana 1891 Lindsay = ? x ?
burbidgeae Hook.f.&Burb. 1882 Borneo SPECIES
burkei Hort. Veitch ex Mast. = ventricosa Blanco
Butcherii (1989) Bednar = Hybrida
'Alta May' (1989) Bednar = Hybrida
C
campanulata Kurata 1973 Borneo SPECIES
Cantleyi Westphal. 1991 Natural Hybrid = bicalcarata x gracilis
Caroli-Schmidtii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
carunculata Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES
Cathy Jo 1988 Bednar = Leesii x Splendiana
Chelsonii * 1872 Seden = Dominii x Hookeriana
* EXTINCT: current forms
are Edinensis
'Excelsa' (1882) Seden = Chelsonii
Excellens (1906) Tivey = Edinensis
Irregulata = Edinensis
Cincta Mast. 1884 Natural Hybrid = northiana x albomarginata
Claytonii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
clipeata Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
Coccinea (1882) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Compacta (1885) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Courtii 1877 Court = hirsuta * x Dominii
* err.
gracilis
Craigiana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Cravenii 1989 Bednar = Wrigleyana x mirabilis
Curtisii Mast.* 1887 Natural Hybrid = albomarginata x maxima
* err. maxima
'Hybrida' = Curtisii
'Superba' = Curtisii
cutinensis nom. dub.
Cylindrica 1887 Tivey = distillatoria x veitchii
D
Dainty Koto 1977 Kawase = thorelii x merrilliana (surigaoensis)
Dashy Koto 1977 Kawase = Mixtax merrilliana
Davineana 1989 Bednar = Mixta x Fulgent Koto
Daytona 1988 Dodd = ampullaria x alata
'Ron Determann' = Daytona
deaniana Macf. 1908 Philippines SPECIES
Debbertii* 1993 Westphal. = clipeata x ventricosa (burkei)
* err. clipeata x maxima
Decorous Koto (1977) Kawase = Excelsior
Delectable Koto 1977 Kawase = thorelii x rafflesiana
Delightful Koto 1977 Kawase = Trichocarpa x Fukakusana
densiflora Danser 1940 Celebes SPECIES
Deslogesii 1905 Jarry-Desloges = Tiveyi x Mixta
Dianiana 1986 Bednar = Splendiana x Mixta
Dicksoniana 1888 Lindsay = rafflesiana x veitchii
Dignified Koto 1977 Kawase = Trichocarpa x Dyeriana
Dinkum Koto 1977 Kawase = Wrigleyana x maxima
Director G.T. Moore (1950) Pring = Lieutenant R. B. Pring
distillatoria L. 1753 Ceylon SPECIES
Divine Koto 1977 Kawase = Wrigleyana x veitchii
Dominiana (1862) Dominy = Dominii
Dominii 1872 Dominy = rafflesiana x hirsuta
'Intermedia' (1887) Dominy = Dominii
Doradisiae 1897 Hort. = ? x ?
Dormanniana (1882) Taplin = Lyrata
Dr. C. Fairburn (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Dr. Edgar Anderson (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Dr. John McFarlane 1909 Veitch = sanguinea x maxima
Dreamy Koto (1977) Kawase = thorelii x veitchii
Dreamy Yamamoto = Dreamy Koto x veitchii
Dubia Danser 1928 Natural Hybrid = bongso x inermis
Dwarf Peacock 1986 Bednar = thorelii x Emmarene
Dyeriana 1908 Tivey = Mixta x Dicksoniana
E
Easeful Koto 1978 Kawase = mirabilis x Fukakusana
Ebony Koto (1978) Kawase = Wrigleyana
Ecstatic Koto (1978) Kawase = Rokko
Edinensis 1888 Lindsay = rafflesiana x Chelsonii
Edmundsii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
edwardsiana Low ex Hook.f. = villosa Hook.f.
Effulgent Koto * (1978) Kawase = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
*
mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross err.
mirabilis x thorelii
Elaborative Koto 1978 Kawase = thorelii x Dyeriana
'Elegance' 1986 Slack = rafflesiana Jack
Elfine Koto 1978 Kawase = thorelii x Tsujimoto
Elmenhorstiana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Elongata G. Beck. & Macf. Natural Hybrid = Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.
Emmarene 1981 Pratt = ventricosa x khasiana
'Savanah Rose' Pratt = Emmarene
Emotional Koto 1978 Kawase = thorelii x Wrigleyana
Engaging Koto 1978 Kawase = Wrigleyana x Hookeriana
Eternal Koto 1978 Kawase = Wrigleyana x Dyeriana
ephippiata Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
Excellens 1984 Bednar = Rokko x Mixta
'Jessica Laureen' (1984) Bednar = Excellens
'Superba' (1984) Bednar = Excellens
Excelsa 1922 Macf. = veitchii x sanguinea
Excelsior 1885 Taplin = rafflesiana x Hookeriana
Eyermannii (1901) Siebrecht = Wrigleyana
eymae Kurata = maxima Reinw. ex Nees
F
F.W. Moore (1904) Tivey = Dyeriana
Fabulous Koto 1979 Kawase = khasiana x thorelii
Facetious Koto 1979 Kawase = thorelii x Accentual Koto
Facile Koto 1979 Kawase = Mastersiana x thorelii
fallax G.Beck 1895 Borneo = SPECIES
Felicitous Koto (1979) Kawase = thorelii Lecomte
Feminine Koto (1979) Kawase = Fabulous Koto
Ferrugineo-marginata Lecoufle 1989 Natural Hybrid = reinwardtiana x albomarginata
Fervent Koto 1979 Kawase = mirabilis x Accentual Koto
Festal Koto (1979) Kawase = Dashy Koto
Festive Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x thorelii 'Aglow Koto'
Feverish Koto 1979 Kawase = Mastersiana x merrilliana
Fickle Koto 1979 Kawase = Mastersiana x Hookeriana
Findlayana 1888 Williams ex Nich. = ? x ?
Fine Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x Hookeriana
Florida 1987 Dodd = bicalcarata x Dyeriana
'Nina Dodd' = Florida
Forceful Koto 1979 Kawase = Wrigleyana x fusca
Foremost Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x Dyeriana
Formal Koto 1979 Kawase = rafflesiana x fusca
Formosa 1897 Veitch = Chelsonii x distillatoria
Fournieri (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
Frosty Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x fusca
Fruity Koto 1979 Kawase = thorelii x Fukakusana
Fukakusana 1964 Toyoshima = rafflesiana x Dyeriana
Fukubae 1914 Fukuba = Mixta x Wrigleyana
Fulgent Koto 1979 Kawase = fusca x thorelii
fusca * Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
*
err.stenophylla Mast.
Fushimiensis 1970 Toyoshima = bellii x thorelii
Fuso 1989 = Mixta Oiso x khasiana
G
Gamerii (1905) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Gautieri 1903 Gautier = northiana x Mixta
Gerald Ulrichi (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Ghazalliana Adam & Wilcox = Grabilis Westfahl
Giddy Koto 1980 Kawase = khasiana x Hookeriana
glabrata Tunb. & Middl. 1984 Celebes SPECIES
Glaring Koto 1980 Kawase = Wrigleyana x rafflesiana
Glazy Koto (1980) Kawase = Emotional Koto
globamphora Kur. & Toyo. 1972 = bellii Kondo
Glorious Koto 1980 Kawase = Wrigleyana x Rokko
Glossy Koto 1980 Kawase = mirabilis x Rokko
Goebelii (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Goettingensis (1931) C. Bonstedt = Dyeriana
Gojimae 1939 Ikeda = Mixta Oiso x Hookeriana
Grabilis Westfahl 1991 Natural Hybrid = gracilis x mirabilis
gracilis Korth. 1839 M, S, B, C SPECIES
gracillima Ridl. 1908 Malaysia SPECIES
Grandis (1922) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees 1824 Sumatra, Borneo SPECIES
H
Hachijo * (1979) Okuyama = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
*
mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
Hamakumiko = Mixta Oiso x soma Seream
hamata Turnb. & Middl. 1984 Celebes SPECIES
Hamiltoniana (1901) Miller = Wrigleyana
Hareliana 1990 Bednar = mirabilis 'Hachijo' x Elaborative Koto
'Alba' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
'Boca Rose' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
'Rouge' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
'Vittata' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
Harrisiana 1989 Bednar = Splendiana x reinwardtiana
Heian 1985 Toyoshima = ? x ?
Henry Shaw (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Henryana (1882) Taplin = Superba
Rubra Taplin = Superba
Hibberdii * (1888) Taplin = Superba
* err. probably an
alata hybrid
Hideki = Mixta Oiso x ventricosa (burkei)
Higra (1993) Westphal. = Wittei
hirsuta Hook.f. 1873 Borneo SPECIES
Hoelscheri 1931 Bonst. = Mixta x Rufescens
Holland err. = Joanne Holland
Hookerae 1895 Taplin = rafflesiana x mirabilis
Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf. 1848 Natural Hybrid = rafflesiana x ampullaria
Hybrida* (1868) Dominy = distillatoria x
ventricosa
* err. gracilis x
khasiana
'Elongata' (1868) Dominy = Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.
'Maculata' (1877) Court = Hybrida
'Maculata Elongata' (1877) Court = Courtii
Hyogo 1993 = thorelii x soma
I
Igneous Koto 1982 Kawase = thorelii x Dreamy Koto
Ikedae 1940 Ikeda = Mixta Oiso x Dyeriana
Ile de France* (1983) Lecoufle = Leesii
*
mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
Immobile Koto (1982) Kawase = Nagoya
inermis Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES
Inexpecta 1988 Bednar = Ventrata x Emmarene
infundibuiformis T. & Mid. = maxima Reinw. ex Nees
insignis Danser 1928 New Guinea SPECIES
Intermedia (1875) Court = Dominii
'Hybrida' (1879) Court = Dominii
Issey (1989) = Ventrata
J
Joanne Holland 1989 T. Gibson = glabrata x veitchii
Johnsonii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Joseph Cutak (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Junghunii (Macf.) Ridl. 1917 Natural Hybrid = sanguinea x singalana
K
Kalamity 1988 Bednar = Margaretea x Superba 'Hibberdii'
kampotiana Lecomte = anamensis Macfarlane
Katagirii 1930 Ikeda = Mixta Oiso x maxima
Katherine Moore (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
khasiana Hook.f. 1873 India SPECIES - CITES 1
Khasiata 1983 Bednar = khasiana x Ventrata
Kihachijo = Hybrida' x maxima
Kikuchiae (1967) Okuyama = Katagirii
Kinabaluensis Kurata 1976 Natural Hybrid = rajah x villosa
Kiso = Excelsior
klossii Ridl. 1916 New Guinea SPECIES
Koisoensis (1939) Ikeda = Mixta Oiso
Koiwado = Gojimae
Kokkome = Ventrata
Kondopectinata Winn? = ? x ?
Kosobe (1979) Bednar = Wrigleyana
Krausii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
Kuchingensis Lecoufle 1989 Natural Hybrid = ampullaria x mirabilis
L
Ladenburgii (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Lawrenciana (1880) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Lecouflei (1978) Lecoufle = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
LeeAnn Marie 1982 Bednar = ventricosa x Ventrata
Leesii 1983 Bednar = mirabilis x Mixta
Lesliei 1992 Dodd = ampullaria x veitchii
Leutenant R.B. Pring (1950) Pring = Chelsonii x Dominii
Loddigesii W. Baxt. = Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.
Lonewoodii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Longicaudata (1922) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
lowii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo SPECIES
Lowilosa Hort. ex Dodd (1981) = Trusmadiensis
Lyrata 1877 Court = Hybrida x rafflesiana
M
macfarlanei Hemsl. 1905 Malaysia SPECIES
macrovulgaris T. & Mid. 1987 Borneo SPECIES
madagascariensis Poir. 1797 Madagascar SPECIES
Madisonii 1986 Bednar = Mixta x ventricosa
mapuluensis Adam & Wilcock 1990 Borneo SPECIES ??
Margaretea 1983 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x ventricosa
Maria-Louisa (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
Mary Cruz 1987 Bednar = Margaretea x Sullivanii
Masahiroi 1986 Kondo = albomarginata x thorelii
Masamiae (1970) Toyoshima = Rokko
masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger 1977 Madagascar SPECIES
Mastersiana 1897 Court = sanguinea x khasiana
'Purpurea' Court = Mastersiana
Mathesonii 1989 Bednar = Splendiana x Accentual Koto
maxima Reinw./Nees 1824 B, C, Mo, NG SPECIES
Mayi 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Mercieri (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
merrilliana Macf. 1911 Philippines SPECIES
Merrilliata Bednar 1979 Natural Hybrid = merrilliana x alata
Michael Lee 1986 Bednar = Ventrata x Superba 'Hibberdii'
Mihara = mirabilis 'Hachijo' x alata
Minamiensis 1964 Naito = Mixta Oiso x Wrigleyana
'Triumph' Naito = Minamiensis
Mino'o' 1930 Mino'o-en = ventricosa x Mastersiana
Mirabilata Bednar 1979 Natural Hybrid = mirabilis x alata
mirabilis (Lour.) Druce 1916 All of SE Asia SPECIES
'Gold Star' = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
'Greenhorn' (1989) = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
Mixta 1893 Tivey = northiana x maxima
'Sanderiana' (1894) Tivey = Mixta
'Sanguinea' (1894) Tivey = Mixta
'Superba' (1894) Tivey = Mixta
Mixta Oiso = Mixta x maxima
Mizuho (1965) Kondo = Fukakusana
mollis Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
Morganiana 1881 Taplin = Wrigleyana
Morganiae 1883 Taplin = Wrigleyana
muluensis Hotta 1966 Borneo SPECIES
murudensis Culham 1994 Borneo SPECIES
N
Nago = Mixta Oiso x Dreamy Koto
Nagoya 1967 Kondo = Mixta x thorelii
Nakaccho = Hybrida' x khasiana
Nakanogo (1980) = Hookerae
Nambara = bellii x Merriliata
Nasu (1979) = Emotional Koto
Nel Horner (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
neoguineensis Macf. 1911 New Guinea SPECIES
Nephelophylla (1991) Song = Dominii
Neufvilleana (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Nina Dodd (1987) Dodd = Florida
Nishijimae 1910 Nishijima = Mixta x Hookeriana
Niwa = Fushimiensis
Nobilis (1910) Veitch = Dr. John McFarlane
Noboriryu = Rokko x khasiana
northiana Hook.f. 1881 Borneo SPECIES
Northisii (1892) Veitch = Mixta
O
Oisoensis (1935) Ikeda = Mixta Oiso
Okuyama = Mixta Oiso x mirabilis
Oriental Rouge = Wrigleyana
Osborniana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Outramiana (1879) Taplin = Superba
P
paniculata Danser 1928 New Guinea SPECIES
papuana Danser 1928 New Guinea SPECIES
Paradisae (1888) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Patersonii (1901) Saul = Wrigleyana
Paulii (1922) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
pectinata Danser = gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees; singalana Becc.
pervillei Bl. 1852 Seychelles SPECIES
Petersii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
petiolata Danser 1928 Philippines SPECIES
philippinensis Macf. 1908 Philippines SPECIES
phyllamphora Willd = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce ?
Picturata (1903) Tivey = Dyeriana
pilosa Danser = burbidgeae Hook.f. ex Burbidge
Pitcheri 1901 Pitch. & Man. = Wrigleyana x Superba
Princeps 1966 Kondo = Mixta x Dyeriana
Prosperity 1978 Kubo = anamensis (kampotiana) x Dyeriana
R
rafflesiana Jack 1835 M, S, B SPECIES
Rafflesiana Pallida 1877 Court = Dominii x rafflesiana
rajah Hook.f. 1859 Borneo SPECIES - CITES 1
Ratcliffiana (1882) Court = Wrigleyana
Ratzii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
Redlanderii 1986 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x Mixta
reinwardtiana Miq. 1852 M, S, B, Mo SPECIES
Remillensis (1908) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Remilly (1905) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Remillyensis (1909) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
Reuthei 1931 Bonstedt = Mixta x Mastersiana
rhombicaulis Kurata 1973 Sumatra SPECIES
Robusta (1880) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Roeblingii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Roedigeri (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Rokko (1977) Yamakawa = thorelii x maxima
Ron Determann (1988) Dodd = Daytona
Rubro-maculata 1877 Court = Hybrida x veitchii
rubro-maculata Kurata = glabrata Tunb. & Middl.
Rufescens * 1888 Court = Courtii x hirsuta*
* err.
distillatoria
S
S.G.S. = maxima Reinw. Nees
Saint Louis 1950 Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Sakura = Igneous Koto
Sakuradae (1935) Sakurada = Mixta Oiso
Sanglant (1909) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
sanguinea Lindl. 1849 Malaysia SPECIES
Sarawakiensis Adm&Wil 1992 Natural Hybrid = tentaculata x muluensis
Savageana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Sedenii* 1872 Seden = Hybrida
* err. khasiana
x gracilis
Seemannii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Shamenbana = Delectable Koto
Shelburnei 1889 Siebrecht = ? x ?
Sheridaniana 1992 Bednar = Splendiana x ventricosa
Shinjuku 1930 Okami = Fukubae
'Grandifolia' 1930 Okami = Fukubae
Shioji (1966) Kondo = Princeps
Shunkyuensis (1925) Suzuki = Nishijimae
Siebertii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
Siebrechtiana 1901 Siebrecht = Hybrida x mirabilis
Simonii (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
singalana Becc. 1986 Sumatra SPECIES
Sir W.T. Dyer (1900) Tivey = Dyeriana
soma nom. dub. aff. maxima 1989 SPECIES ??
spathulata Danser 1935 Sumatra SPECIES
spectabilis Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES ?? albomarginata hyb ?
Splendiana 1984 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x maxima
Splendida (1908) Pitcher & Manda = Wrigleyana
Staemmlieri (1931) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
stenophylla Mast. 1890 Borneo SPECIES
Stewartii (1879) Court = Wrigleyana
Sullivanii 1983 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x khasiana
sumatrana (Miq.) G.Beck = treubiana Warburg
Superba 1880 Taplin = Hybrida x Hookeriana
'Mixta' = Mixta
Superi = Mixta Oiso x hirsuta
Suzue Kondo (1986) M. Kondo = Nagoya
'Variegata' (1979) M. Kondo = Nagoya
T
Taipei = ? x alata?
Takayuki Sakai 1948 Kondo & Sakai = reinwardtiana x thorelii
talagensis Nerz & Wistuba 1995 Sumatra SPECIES
Tametomo = Rokko x Dyeriana
Taplinii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Ted Payne (1992) = Mixta Oiso
tentaculata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo, Celebes SPECIES
Thofu (1993) = Fulgent Koto
thorelii Lecomte 1909 Indochina SPECIES
Thorpeiana 1908 Macfarlane = ? x ?
Tildeniana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Tiveyi 1897 Tivey = maxima x veitchii
tobaica Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES
Tokuyoshi Kondo 1986 Kondo & Sakai = Lt. R.B. Pring x rafflesiana
tomoriana Danser 1928 Celebes SPECIES
Toyoshima 1970 Toyoshima = truncata x thorelii
Toyotamaensis 1910 Nishijima = Mixta x rafflesiana
'Inversa' 1910 Nishijima = Toyotamaensis
treubiana Warb. 1891 Sumatra, N.G. SPECIES
Trichocarpa Miq. 1855 Natural Hybrid = ampullaria x gracilis
Truncalata Bednar 1993 Natural Hybrid = truncata x alata
truncata Macf. 1911 Philippines SPECIES
Trusmadiensis Marabini 1983 Natural Hybrid = villosa x lowii
Tsangoya Bednar 1993 Natural Hybrid = Merrilliata x mirabilis
Tsujimoto 1951 Takarazuka = Mastersiana x Wrigleyana
V
Vallierae (1905) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Vandiana 1990 Bednar = Splendiana x Sullivanii
veitchii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo SPECIES
Ventrata Fleming 1979 Natural Hybrid = ventricosa x alata
ventricosa Blanco 1837 Philippines SPECIES
Ventrinermis 1993 Westphal. = inermis x ventricosa
vieillardii Hook.f. 1873 N. G., N. C. SPECIES
Ville de Rouen 1983 Lecoufle = Tiveyi* x Mastersiana
* err.
Superba
villosa Hook.f. 1852 Borneo SPECIES
W
Wadleyana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Washingtoniana 1891 Lindsay = ? x ?
Weignerii 1984 Bedn/Weig. = Rokko x Dominii
Whitneyi Dodd = bellii x ventricosa
Williamsii (1880) Taplin = Superba
Wilsonii 1987 Bednar = rafflesiana x Margaretea
Wittei 1897 Witte = Curtisii* x stenophylla
* err.
maxima
Wrigleyana (1882) Court = mirabilis x Hookeriana
'Viridescens' = Wrigleyana
Y & Z
Yarosis 1989 Bednar = Truncalata x Margaretea
Yatomi 1967? Kondo & Sakai = Dreamy Koto
Yoyogi 1989 = ventricosa x deaniana
Yubama = alata x thorelii
Zonal Koto (1983) = Ventrata, N. burkei used in this cross
Nepenthes Species
To be able to recognize hybrid characteristics, it is necessary to understand the species that comprise the genus Nepenthes. There are currently more than 80 recognized species, some of which may be variations or naturally occurring hybrids of the others, but in the mean time they will be listed here. The relationships to each other with respect to taxonomy as well as habitat and geography are presented on the following pages.
The authors name immediately follows the species epithet, followed by the date of initial description. Their geographical location and habitat is also presented in abbreviated form. A more complete description of each species as well as their dominent characteristics follows the section on Taxonomy.
1 N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986) S A
2 N. alata Blanco (1837) PSMB R-A
3 N. albomarginata L. & Lind (1849) MSB R
4 N. ampullaria Jack (1835) MSBN R
5 N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908) I M-A
6 N. bellii Kondo (1969) P M
7 N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (1873) B M
8 N. bongso Korth. (1839) S M-A
9 N. boschiana Korth. (1839) B M-A
10 N. burbidgeae Hk.f. ex Burb. (1882) B B-A
11 N. campanulata Kurata (1973) B MLA
12 N. carunculata Danser (1928) S A
13 N. clipeata Danser (1928) B MLA
14 N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908) P M-A
15 N. densiflora Danser (1940) C A
16 N. distillatoria Linne (1753) Ceyl. R-M
17 N. ephippiata Danser (1928) B A
18 N. fallax G.Beck (1895) B ????
19 N. fusca Danser (1928) B M-A
20 N. glabrata Turnb. & Middle. (1984) C A
21 N. gracilis Korthals (1839) MSBC R
22 N. gracillima Ridley (1908) M M-A
23 N. gymnamphora Nees. (1824) SB M-A
24 N. hamata Turnb. & Middle. (1984) C A
25 N. hirsuta Hook.f. (1873) B M-A
26 N. inermis Danser (1928) S M-A
27 N. insignis Danser (1928) N R
28 N. khasiana Hook.f. (1873) India M
29 N. klossii Ridley (1916) N M-A
30 N. lowii Hook.f. (1858) B A
31 N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1905) M M-A
32 N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid.(1987) B B
33 N. madagascariensis Poiret (1797) Mad. R-M
34 N. masoalensis Schm-Holl. (1977) Mad. M
35 N. maxima Reinw. x Nees (1824) BCMoN MA
36 N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911) P M
37 N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (1916) SE As. R-M
38 N. mollis Danser (1928) B M-A
39 N. muluensis Hotta (1966) B M-A
40 N. murudensis Culham (1994) B M-A
41 N. neoguineensis Macf. (1928) N R
42 N. northiana Hook.f. (1881) B M-L
43 N. paniculata Danser (1928) N M-A
44 N. papuana Danser (1928) N R
45 N. pervillei Blume (1852) Sey. M
46 N. petiolata Danser (1928) P M
47 N. philippinense Macf. (1908) P M
48 N. rafflesiana Jack (1835) MSB R
49 N. rajah Hook.f. (1859) B B-A
50 N. reinwardtiana Miguel (1852) MSBMo M
51 N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973) S A
52 N. sanguinea Lindl. (1849) M M-A
53 N. singalana Beccari (1886) S A
54 N. spathulata Danser (1935) S M-A
55 N. spectabilis Danser (1928) S A
56 N. stenophylla Masters (1890) B M-A
57 N. tentaculata Hook.f. (1873) BC M-A
58 N. thorelii Lecomte (1909) I M-S
59 N. tobaica Danser (1928) S M-A
60 N. tomoriana Danser (1928) C M
61 N. treubiana Warburg (1891) SN M-S
62 N. truncata Macfarlane (1911) P M
63 N. veitchii Hook.f. (1859) B M-A
64 N. ventricosa Blanco (1837) P M-A
65 N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1873) NNc M-A
66 N. villosa Hook.f. (1852) B B-A
Dubious or newly described species:
N. aristolochioides spec. nov. (1994) S M-A
N. borneensis Adam & Wilc. (1989) B A
N. burkei Masters (1889) P M-L
N. danseri Waigeo & Halma. (1995) S
N. diatas spec. nov. (1994) S M-A
N. x dubia Danser (1928) S M-A
N. edwardsiana Hook.f. (1859) B B-A
N. eymaeKurata (1984) BC M-A
N. faizaliana Adam & Wilc. (1991) B ????
N. x hookeriana (Lind)Macf (1848) MBS M
N. junghunii Ridl. (1917) S M-A
N. x kinabaluensis Kurata (1976) B B-A
N. leptochila Danser (1928) B R-A
N. longifolia Nerz & Wist. (1995) S A
N. macrophylla Marabini (1994) B B-A
N. mapuluensis A. & Wilc. (1990) B A
N. neglecta Macf. EXTINCT (1908) B M
N. ovata Nerz & Wistuba (1995) S M-A
N. pilosa Danser (1928) B M-A
N. talagensis Nertz & Wist. (1995) S A
N. tenuis Nerz & Wistuba (1995) S A
N. x trichocarpa Miq. (1855) BMS R
LOCATION: B = Borneo, C = Celebes, I = Indonesia, M = Malaysia, Mo = Moluccas, N = New Guinea, Nc = New Caledonia, P = Philippines, S = Sumatra.
HABITAT: A = high Altitude, B = ultra-Basic soil, L = Limestone hills, M = Moss forest, R = Rain forest, S = Sand fields.
Taxonomy; (revised from Danser 1928 and Harms 1936)
Subgenus: ANEUROSPERMA Hook.f. (1873)
45. N. pervillei Blume (1852) Seychel M
Subgenus: MESONEPENTHES Harms (1936)
33. N. madagascariensis Poiret (1797) Mad. R-M
34. N. masoalensis Schm.-Holl. (1977) Mad M
43. N. paniculata Danser (1928) N M-A
Subgenus EUNEPENTHES, Hook.f. (1873)
Section Distillatoriae Harms (1936)
16. N. distillatoria Linne (1753) Ceylon R-M
41. N. neoguineensis Macf. (1928) N R
60. N. tomoriana Danser (1928) C M
Section Urceolatae Danser (1928)
4. N. ampullaria Jack (1835) MSBN R
6. N. bellii Kondo (1969) P M
7. N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (1873) B M
Section Vulgatae Danser (1928)
44. N. papuana Danser (1928) N R
28. N. khasiana Hook.f. (1873) India M
21. N. gracilis Korthals (1839) MSBC R
57. N. tentaculata Hook.f. (1873) BC M-A
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (1852) MSBMo M
40. N. murudensis Culham (1994) B M-A
59. N. tobaica Danser (1928) S M-A
65. N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1873) NNc M-A
58. N. thorelii Lecomte (1909) I M-S
2. N. alata Blanco (1837) PSMB R-A
47. N. philippinense Macf. (1908) PM
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (1916) SE Asia R-M
3. N. albomarginata Lobb&Li. (1849) MSBR
5. N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908) I M-A
Section Montanae Danser (1928)
23. N. gymnamphora Nees. (1824) SB M-A
8. N. bongso Korth. (1839) S M-A
52. N. singalana Beccari (1886) S A
54. N. spathulata Danser (1935) S M-A
51. N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973) S A
24. N. hamata Turnb. & Middl. (1984) C A
15. N. densiflora Danser (1940) C A
22. N. gracillima Ridley (1908) M M-A
52. N. sanguinea Lindl. (1849) M M-A
32. N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1905) M M-A
26. N. inermis Danser (1928) S M-A
39. N. muluensis Hotta (1966) B M-A
Section Nobiles Danser (1928)
55. N. spectabilis Danser (1928) S A
25. N. hirsuta Hook.f. (1873) B M-A
32. N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid. (1987) B B
14. N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908) P M-A
Section Regiae, Danser (1928)
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees (1824) BCMoN M-A
63. N. veitchii Hook.f. (1859) B M-A
18. N. fallax G.Beck (1895) B ????
19. N. fusca Danser (1928) B M-A
56. N. stenophylla Masters (1890) B M-A
12. N. carunculata Danser (1928) S A
29. N. klossii Ridley (1916) N M-A
10. N. burbidgeae Hk.f. ex Burb. (1882) B B-A
17. N. ephippiata Danser (1928) B A
38. N. mollis Danser (1928) B M-A
13. N. clipeata Danser (1928) B MLA
62. N. truncata Macfarlane (1911) P M
49. N. rajah Hook.f. (1859) B B-A
9. N. boschiana Korth. (1839) B M-A
30. N. lowii Hook.f. (1858) B A
Section Insignes, Danser (1928)
36. N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911) P M
46. N. petiolata Danser (1928) P M
27. N. insignis Danser (1928) N R
64. N. ventricosa Blanco (1837) P M-A
42. N. northiana Hook.f. (1881) B M-L
61. N. treubiana Warburg (1891) SN M-S
66. N. villosa Hook.f. (1852) B B-A
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (1835) MSB R
Section Unknown:
1. N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986) S A
20. N. glabrata Turnb. & Middl. (1984) C A
11. N. campanulata Kurata (1973) B MLA
In 1936, Harms revised the taxonomical work of Danser (1928), dividing Nepenthes into three sub-genera:
Aneurosperma Hooker.f. (1873), (lacking nerves on the seeds)
Mesonepenthes Harms (1936), (the "middle" Nepenthes)
Eunepenthes Hooker.f. (1873), (the "proper" Nepenthes).
The Nepenthes species found in the sub-genera Aneurosperma and Mesonepenthes differ from those species of section Vulgatae, where Danser had placed them.
Sub-genus 1 Aneurosperma is a single species sub-genus,
61 N. pervillei Blume (1852) (named for Perville) being the only member.
The leaves are sessile; the inflorescence is a panicle; the appendages to the seed are very short, this being the primary characteristic for the designation of sub-genus.
Sub-genus 2 Mesonepenthes contains the species:
46 N. madagascariensis Poiret (1797) (coming from Madagascar)
48 N. masoalensis Schmidt-Hollinger (1977) (coming from Masoala Peninsula)
59 N. paniculata Danser (1928) (having a panicle).
The stems are generally not coarse; the leaves are petiolate, lanceolate, not large nor broad; the phylotaxis is almost always 2/5; there is no hirsute indumentum; pitchers are not large and are rarely infundibulate; the peristome is narrow; there are usually no appendages on the bottom surface of the lid; the inflorescence is a panicle.
Sub-genus 3 Eunepenthes is composed of seven sections:
Distillatoriae Harms (1936), (N. distillatoria and related species).
Urceolatae Danser (1928), (the urn-shaped pitchers).
Vulgatae Danser (1928), (the common pitchers).
Montanae Danser (1928), (the mountainous pitchers).
Nobiles Danser (1928), (the notable pitchers).
Regiae Danser (1928), (the queenly pitchers).
Insignes Danser (1928), (N. insignes and related species).
Section 1 Distillatoriae contains the species:
sessile leaves
21 N. distillatoria Linné (1753) (containing a distillate)
56 N. neoguineensis Macfarlane (1928) (coming from New Guinea)
79 N. tomoriana Danser (1928) (coming from the Gulf of Tomori)
The stems are generally not coarse; the leaves are mostly petiolate (N. tomoriana only slightly), lanceolate, not large nor broad; the phylotaxis is almost always 2/5; there is no hirsute indumentum; pitchers are not large and are rarely infundibulate; the peristome is narrow; there are usually no appendages on the bottom surface of the lid; the inflorescence is a panicle.
Section 2 Urceolatae contains the species:
4 N. ampullaria Jack (1835) (having an ampoule-shaped pitcher)
7 N. bellii Kondo (1969) (named for Belli?)
8 N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (1873) (having two spurs)
The rosette pitchers are urceolate, the upper pitchers, when present are more infundibulate; the peristome is delicately ribbed; the inflorescence is a panicle.
Section 3 Vulgatae contains the species:
sessile leaves:
60 N. papuana Danser (1928) (coming from Papua New Guinea, err.)
37 N. khasiana Hook.f. (1873) (coming from the Khasi Hills)
28 N. gracilis Korthals (1839) (gracefully slender)
75 N. tentaculata Hook.f. (1873) (having tentacles)
67 N. reinwardtiana Miguel (1852) (named for K.G.K. Reinwardt)
78 N. tobaica Danser (1928) (coming from Lake Toba)
54 N. murudensis Culham (1994) (coming from Muruda?)
85 N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1873) (named for Vieillard)
77 N. thorelii Lecomte (1909) (named for Thorel)
3 N. albomarginata Lobb & Lindley (1849) (having a white margin)
63 N. philippinense Macfarlane (1908) (coming from the Philippines)
5 N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908)
petiolate leaves:
2 N. alata Blanco (1837) (having wings)
51 N. mirabilis (Lour) Druce (1916) (miraculous)
The stems are generally not coarse; the leaves primarily sessile and often decurrent or petiolate (as in N. alata and N. mirabilis), mostly lanceolate, not large nor broad; the phylotaxis is almost always 2/5, sometimes 1/2 on the elongated stems (N. alata, N. philippinense, N. mirabilis, N. albomarginata, N. anamensis); pitchers are not large and are rarely infundibulate; the peristome is narrow; there are usually no appendages on the bottom surface of the lid (N. alata being the exception); there is usually no hirsute indumentum (except for N. albomarginata); the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 4 Montanae contains the species:
30 N. gymnamphora Nees. (1824) (having a naked, hairless pitcher)
9 N. bongso Korthals (1839) (named for Bongso?)
70 N. singalana Beccari (1886) (from Mt. Singalang)
71 N. spathulata Danser (1928) (having a spathulate leaf)
19 N. densiflora Danser (1928) (having a dense inflorescence)
29 N. gracillima Ridley (1908) (very gracefully slender)
69 N. sanguinea Lindley (1849) (having a red color)
43 N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1905) (named for macfarlane)
34 N. inermis Danser (1928) (*****)
53 N. muluensis Hotta (1966) (coming from Mt. Mulu)
68 N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973) (having an obliquely angled stem)
31 N. hamata Turnbull & Middleton (1984) (having a hook-shaped process)
This section is similar to the Vulgatae, but the plants are usually more robust; the leaves are always sessile; the phylotaxis is always 2/5; the pitchers are often larger, the upper ones often infundibulate; the peristome is generally broader (except in N. inermis ), the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 5 Nobiles contains the species:
72 N. spectabilis Danser (1928) (spectacular)
32 N. hirsuta Hook.f. (1873) (hairy)
45 N. macrovulgaris Turnbull & Middleton (1987) (large, but otherwise normal)
18 N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908) (named for Dean)
This group is intermediate between the Montanae and the Regiae and Insignes sections. The lid never has appendages; the peristome is not large; there is a coarse ferrugineous indumentum; the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 6 Regiae contains the species:
49 N. maxima Reinwardt ex Nees (1824) (the largest, err.)
83 N. veitchii Hook.f. (1859) (named for H.J. Veitch)
18 N. fallax G.Beck (1895) (*****)
26 N. fusca Danser (1928) (dusky color)
73 N. stenophylla Masters (1890) (slender leaved)
15 N. carunculata Danser (1928) (having a protuberence)
39 N. klossii Ridley (1916) (named for Kloss)
12 N. burbidgeae Hook.f. ex Burbidge (1928) (named for Mrs. F.W. Burbidge)
24 N. ephippiata Danser (1928) (having a thick shell)
52 N. mollis Danser (1928) (soft)
16 N. clipeata Danser (1928) (*****)
82 N. truncata Macfarlane (1911) (having a truncate leaf)
66 N. rajah Hook.f. (1859) (named for the Rajah of Sarawak)
11 N. boschiana Korthals (1839) (named for Bosch)
42 N. lowii Hook.f. (1858) (named for Sir Hugh Low).
This section has the most elaborate of the species. They are usually large coarse plants; the leaves are petiolate; there is a coarse ferrugineous indumentum; the phylotaxis is often 1/2 in the climbing stems; the upper pitchers are infundibulate; the lid bears an appendage on the lower surface near the apex; the peristome is mostly flattened or expanded (N. lowii being the exception, having almost none); the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 7 Insignes contains the species:
sessile leaves
50 N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911) (named for Merrill)
35 N. insignis Danser (1928) (distinguished by a mark)
84 N. ventricosa Blanco (1837) (having a ventricose pitcher)
petiolate leaves:
62 N. petiolata Danser (1928) (having petiolate leaves)
57 N. northiana Hook.f. (1881) (named for North)
80 N. treubiana Warburg (1891) (named for Treub)
86 N. villosa Hook.f. (1852) (shaggy)
65 N. rafflesiana Jack (1835) (named for Sir Stanford Raffles)
These plants also have large, beautiful pitchers, but not so spectacular as those of Regiae. The plants are large, with sessile or petiolate leaves; the large pitchers have flattened or expanded peristomes; the upper pitchers are more campanulate-infundibulate; there are no appendages on the lower surface of the lid; the indumentum is more scarce; the inflorescence is a raceme.
UNKNOWN:
1 N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986) (having an expanded peristome)
27 N. glabrata Turnbull & Middleton (1984) (glabrous)
14 N. campanulata Kurata (1973) (having bell shaped pitchers).
At this time, having no description of the preceding 3 species, I cannot place them within the sections.
Artificial Key; (Partial)
This key has been taken from the monograph by Danser (1928) it has been revised to exclude some of the species which are no longer recognized. Alas, it does not include those species from India, Indochina, nor Madagascar, nor any described species more recent than 1928! Perhaps in the future another key will be created to include all of these as well.
1 Leaves and stems very coarse, the leaves decurrent into 2 thick ribs, meeting 1 1/2 internodes below the leaf base, forming saddles on which are inserted the petioles. Borneo. 17. N. ephippiata
Leaves not inserted on saddles. 2
2 Whole plant yellowish-brown. hairy in all parts with exception of the perigone inside and the anthers; most parts with a short, dense, spreading indumentum. Leaves lanceolate, sessile with a broad base and decurrent into 2 gradually attenuate wings, with 0-2 longitudinal nerves on each side. Borneo.
38. N. mollis
Not this combination of characters. 3
3 Lid of the pitcher more than 3 times as long as broad. 4
Lid of the pitcher less than 3 times as long as broad. 7
4 Lid broadest in or above the middle. No appendages on the lid below. 5
Lid broadest near the base. An appendage on the lower surface near the base and usually one near the apex. 14
5 Pitchers only or almost only in distinct rosettes, rarely also at the lower leaves of climbing stems, urceolate; peristome broad, flattened inside, very delicately ribbed. Flowers in panicles, the lower branches of which bear 3 or more flowers. Sumatra to New Guinea 4. N. ampullaria
Pitchers also at the leaves of the elongated stems, not urceolate. Flowers in racemes, the lower pedicels of which bear 1 or 2 flowers. Peristome none or almost none. Sumatra 26. N. inermis
6 Peristome with 2 curved thorns below the lid. Lid reniform,
less long than broad. Borneo.
7. N. bicalcarata
Peristome not with thorns under the lid. Lid not reniform. 7
7 Lid on the lower surface with coarse hairs, obtusely keeled in the basal part of the midrib. Pitchers strongly contracted in the middle, subglobose in the lower part, infundibulate in the upper part. Peristome almost absent. Borneo. 30. N. lowii
Lid usually without coarse hairs on the lower surface; if with hairs, then the shape of the pitcher otherwise and the peristome distinct. 8
8 Ribs of the peristome very coarse. 5-10 mm apart, and several mm high. Borneo. 66. N. villosa
Ribs of the peristome much less coarse 9
9 Midrib of the lid beneath with an appendage near the base or near the apex or both, or at least very distinctly keeled. 10
Midrib of the lid beneath without such appendage and at most indistinctly keeled or seemingly keeled by a fold. 20
10 Leaves suborbicular, the tendril inserted on the lamina far from the apex, without curl. Pitchers almost wingless; contracted between the strongly ventricose lower and the infundibulate upper part. Lid strongly vaulted. Borneo. 13. N. clipeata
Leaves and pitchers shaped otherwise. Lid not strongly vaulted. 11
11 Leaves oblong to lanceolate, the tendril inserted at some distance from the apex. Pitchers large, urceolate, their mouth occupying more than half the front side; lid very large, about 2/3 as long as the pitcher. Borneo. 49. N. rajah
Tendril inserted at, or close to, the leaf apex. Lid not so extraordinarily large. 12
12 Leaves sessile. On the lower surface of the lid near the apex an irregular excrescence. 40
Leaves petiolate. On the lower surface of the lid sometimes an appendage, but not an irregular excrescence. 13
13 Only an appendage near the base of the lid. 14
Also an appendage near the apex of the lid. 19
14 Stems, petioles and leaves beneath with a hirsute, red-brown or ferrugineous indumentum at least when young. 16
Stems, petioles and leaves without a hirsute indumentum. 18
15 Lid broadly cordate or suborbicular. 16
Lid ovate-cordate or narrower. 17
16 Pitchers subcylindrical, usually slightly ventricose in the lower part, somewhat narrowed in the middle, slightly infundibulate towards the mouth, rarely narrowly infundibulate from the base to the top. Appendage near the base of the lid obtuse. Hirsute indumentum abundant but short (about 2 mm long). Borneo. 56. N. stenophylla
Stems triangular with decurrent leaves. Upper pitchers widely infundibulate. Appendage near the base of the lid acute. Hirsute indumentum abundant and long (more than 3 mm). Borneo. 10. N. burbidgeae
See also 41. N. klossii (New Guinea), very similar to N. stenophylla (as far as known) but seems to differ in many less important characteristics.
17 Stems climbing. Leaves not decurrent; lamina broadest near the middle. Lower pitchers slightly ventricose in the lower part, cylindrical towards the mouth, the upper ones infundibulate. Inflorescences seemingly lateral. Indumentum short and dense. Borneo. 19. N. fusca
Stems not climbing. Leaves broadest near the apex. Pitchers cylindrical-ellipsoidal or the upper ones somewhat campanulate-infundibulate. Inflorescences not seemingly lateral. 19
18 Leaves not decurrent. Upper pitchers rarely more than 16 cm high. Peristome cylindrical to flattened, rarely more than 5 mm broad. Lid rarely more than 4 1/2 cm long, suborbicular to ovate. 30
Leaves decurrent into 2 wings 2-3 mm broad. Upper pitchers 20-25 cm high. Peristome expanded 10-20 mm broad on the sides. Lid suborbicular. 5-7 cm long. Borneo. 9. N. boschiana
19 Stems not climbing(???) Leaves broadest near the apex, rounded or emarginate at the apex, gradually attenuate towards the base. Pitchers all cylindrical-ellipsoidal, or the upper ones campanulate-infundibulate. Appendage near the apex of the lid distinct or indistinct. Borneo. 63. N. veitchii
Stems usually climbing. Leaves usually broadest far from the
apex, not emarginate. Pitchers very different in shape, the lower ones
ventricose in the lower part, cylindrical for the rest, the upper ones tubulose
to infundibulate. Appendage near the apex of the lid always distinct. Borneo to
New Guinea.
35. N. maxima
20 Below the peristome a thick-swollen, whitish tomentose ribbon. Leaves lanceolate, sessile without sheath, not decurrent, with spreading hairs below. Upper pitchers usually tubulose. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to Borneo. 3. N. albomarginata
Below the peristome a tomentose ribbon or not, but never a swollen whitish one. 22
22 Inflorescence a panicle, the lower branches 3- or more flowered. 23
Inflorescence a raceme, the lower branches 1- or 2-flowered. 25
23 Leaves distinctly petiolate. Upper pitchers infundibulate. New Guinea. 43. N. paniculata
Leaves petiolate, but often indistinctly, or sessile with attenuate base. Upper pitchers nearly cylindrical. 24
24 Upper pitchers winged. New Guinea. 41. N. neoguineensis
Upper pitchers not winged. Celebes. 60. N. tomoriana
25 Normal leaves petiolate. 26
Normal leaves sessile. 31
26 Upper pitchers either more than 20 cm high or infundibulate. 27
Upper pitchers neither more than 20 cm high nor infundibulate. 28
27 Lower pitchers ovate-conical, upper pitchers infundibulate, all of them with a peristome elongated into a long bicristate neck. Lid ovate, vaulted obtuse or emarginate at the apex. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to Borneo. 48. N. rafflesiana
Not an elongated bicristate neck at the peristome. Lid
suborbicular. Sumatra, New Guinea.
61. N. treubiana
28 Leaves with 4-8 longitudinal nerves on each side, sometimes fimbriate-denticulate at the margin, always distinctly petiolate. Throughout South East Asia. 37. N. mirabilis
Leaves usually with 4 or less nerves on both sides; when more than 4 nerves, then the leaf not distinctly petiolate and never denticulate. 29
29 Stems and leaves below with hirsute, red-brown indumentum. 38
Stems and leaves below without hirsute, red-brown indumentum. 30
30 Leaves lanceolate, gradually attenuate into the petiole, with 5-6 strikingly parallel longitudinal nerves on each side, the margin with a dense border of short hairs. Lower pedicels 10-12 mm long. 41
Leaves very different in form, gradually or abruptly attenuate into the petiole, with about 3 longitudinal nerves on each side, the margin without a dense border of short hairs. Lower pedicels up to 15 mm long. Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. 2. N. alata
31 Lid with stiff or more delicate hairs below. Upper pitchers widely infundibulate. Leaves sessile with broad base, not decurrent. Malay Peninsula. 44. N. macfarlanei
Lid mostly not hairy below, when hairy, then upper pitchers not widely infundibulate. 32
32 Lid ovate or narrowly ovate, cuneate or rounded at the base, mostly with filiform appendages on the upper surface and a bundle of such appendages on each side of the spur. Borneo, Celebes.
57. N. tentaculata
Lid differently shaped, but not cuneate at the base and not with filiform appendages on the upper surface. 33
33 Leaves decurrent. 34
Leaves not or only slightly decurrent. 38
34 Pitchers large and wide, up to 20 cm high or higher, up to 10 cm wide or wider, the lid at least 6 cm long. 35
Pitchers small or medium-sized, the lower ones ovate to tubulose, the upper ones more tubulose, the lid at most 4 cm long. 36
35 Plant non- or low-climbing. Leaves with 6-7 longitudinal nerves on each side. Pitchers all of them ellipsoidal. Philippines, Celebes. 36. N. merrilliana
Plant climbing. Leaves with 4-6 longitudinal nerves on each side. Lower pitchers ovate cylindrical, upper ones campanulate-infundibulate. New Guinea. 27. N. insignis
36 Lower pitchers mostly, upper pitchers always without wings and fringe. Peristome often distinctly ribbed. Pitchers usually with 2 'eye-spots' visible inside. Leaves with about 3 longitudinal nerves on each side. Lower pedicels 12-25 mm long, 2-flowered. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.
50. N. reinwardtiana
Lower pitchers always, the upper ones often with fimbriate wings. Peristome always distinctly ribbed. Pitchers with no 'eye-spots'. Leaves with 4-7 longitudinal nerves on each side. Lower pedicels 3-10 mm long. 37
37 Peristome cylindrical, 1/2-1 mm broad, the ribs 1/4-2/3 mm apart. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to Celebes. 21. N. gracilis
Peristome flattened, 1-2 1/2 mm broad, the ribs 1/4-2/3 mm apart. New Guinea to New Caledonia and the Isle of Pines. 65. N. vieillardii
Peristome usually broader, the ribs 1/4-3 mm apart. Lower pedicels 2-flowered 45
38 No dense red-brown indumentum on the stems, the leaves and the inflorescences. 39
Young stems, lower surface of the leaves and inflorescences densely
covered with red-brown hairs. Inflorescence seemingly lateral. Pedicels
1-flowered. Herbarium specimens yellow brown. Borneo.
25. N.
hirsuta
39 Upper pitchers widely infundibulate, not more than 18 cm high. Lid broad-elliptical or suborbicular, slightly cordate, never with an appendage on the lower surface. Inflorescence small, seemingly lateral. Pedicels 1-flowered. Herbarium specimens mostly blackish. Sumatra 8. N. bongso
Upper pitchers not infundibulate, or at most tubulose-infundibulate. 40
40 Peristome cylindrical or slightly flattened, not broader than 2 mm. 41
Peristome flattened, often more than 2 mm broad. 42
41 Leaves with 0-1 longitudinal nerves on each side, linear lanceolate,
sessile with narrow base. Sumatra.
59. N. tobiaca
Leaves with 0-4 longitudinal nerves on each side, lanceolate-spathulate, sessile with broad base. Malay Peninsula. 22. N. gracillima
Leaves with 4-6 longitudinal nerves on each side, lanceolate, sessile with very narrow base. New Guinea. 44. N. papuana
Leaves with 3-6 longitudinal nerves on each side, lanceolate to spathulate or obovate, Inflorescence small seemingly lateral. 44
42 Upper pitchers long-tubulose-infundibulate, pubescent. 43
Upper pitchers smaller and more tubulose or more or less ventricose in the lower part. 46
43 Inflorescence long and coarse, not seemingly lateral, not ferrugineous-hairy. Inner margin of the peristome nearly entire. Malay Peninsula. 52. N. sanguinea
Inflorescence rather small, seemingly lateral, densely ferrugineous-hairy. Inner margin of peristome with teeth 3-5 x as long as broad. Sumatra 55. N. spectabilis
44 Inflorescences seemingly lateral, small. Lower pedicels 1-flowered. Sumatra. 53. N. singalana
Inflorescences robust not seemingly lateral. Lower pedicels 2-flowered. Rosettes with short axis. Rosette pitchers mostly ovate, upper pitchers tubulose, in the lower part ventricose or not. Ribs of the peristome 1/4-1 mm apart, the teeth of the interior margin in the lower pitchers 3-6 x, in the upper pitchers 1-3 x as long as broad. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 23. N. gymnamphora
Species Description
1. N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986)
Sumatra;
Highland
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves: apex acute to
acuminate.
Lower Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers:lid somewhat cordate, apex obtuse, base
cordate.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features:
2. N. alata Blanco (1837)
Philippines, Sumatra, Malaysia,
Borneo; Rain Forest, Lowland & Highland (Sea Level -
2400 m)
Synonyms: blancoi Bl., cristata Brogn.,
copelandii Merr. ex Macf., eustachya Boer., Macf., Miq.,
graciliflora Elm., kosobe Hort., melamphora, Fern.-
Vill.,
phyllamphora Stapf.
Cultivars: 'Boschiana Mimic'
'Luzon'
Description: DANSER 259; KURATA
32
Stems: climbing, (or prostrate), to 4 m; cylindrical, to .4 -
.8
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate with narrow wings, forming a short sheath
at the base; lamina spathulate to linear-
lanceolate; 10 cm x 2 cm to 20 cm x 4 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 2-
3,
located in the outer 1/3 to 1/2 of the lamina,.
Lower
Pitchers: tubulate -
infundibulate, narrowed in the middle, ventricose in the lower part; 6 cm x 2
cm to 12 cm x 3 cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to 0.5 cm; mouth ovate, very oblique
towards the lid; peristome cylindrical (ribs about 2 mm apart, teeth of the
inner margin about .2 mm long), to .2-
.3
cm wide; lid ovate or elliptic, to 2-
3
cm, apex rounded, base abruptly contracted, with a ventral glandular crest in
the basal part; spur simple, inserted close to the lid, to .2-
.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: almost like those of the lower leaves, but
higher and more slender; 8 cm x 2 cm to 15 cm x 3 cm; mostly without wings, but
with 2 ribs.
.Inflorescence: a raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1-
2
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: of young parts stellate and
tomentose, later disappearing.
Color: leaf blade dark-
green
above, light green below; tendril light green; pitcher light-
green
often with dark red spots; peristome light green, rarely tinged with red; lid
mostly like the pitcher.
Distinguishing Features: Similar
to N. gracilis & N. reinwardtiana but distinguishable by the
glandular crest and petiole.
3. N. albomarginata Lobb & Lindley (1849)
Malaysia,
Sumatra, Borneo; Rain Forest (Sea Level -
800 m)
Synonyms: albo-
cincta
Hort., laevis C. Morr., teysmanniana Miq., tomentella
Miq., tupmanniana Bonst.
Description: DANSER 263
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .3-
.7
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, amplexicaul to clasping 1/2 stem without
sheath, coriaceous; lamina lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate;
15 cm to 30 cm long; margins involute; apex acute; base attenuate -
auriculate; veins: 2-
3,
located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate veins indistinctly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: ovate in the lower 2/3 part,
cylindrical in the upper, slightly infundibulate towards the mouth; 8 cm x 2 cm
to 19 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to 0.3 cm; mouth oblique, incurved, acute
towards the lid; peristome semi-
cylindrical,
with a dense tomentose, whitish ring.2-
.4
cm broad, immediately below peristome, to 0.15 cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular
-
sub-
cordate,
apex rounded, base cordate, flat, with many small glands underneath; spur
flattened, branched or not, to .1-
.2
cm.
Upper Pitchers: slender, nearly cylindrical, sometimes
slightly ventricose in the lower portion, sometimes narrowly infundibulate,
abruptly originating from the tendril; 8 cm x 2 cm to 19 cm x 4 cm; 2 prominent
ribs present, often fimbriate; mouth oblique, incurved, acute towards lid;
peristome semi-
cylindrical,
with a dense tomentose, whitish ring .2-
.4
cm broad, immediately below peristome, to .1-
.2
cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular
to sub-
cordate,
apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular, obtusely keeled in basal part of
midrib, remainder flat, often involute from the sides and seemingly narrow;
spur simple, flat, attenuate, inserted close to lid, to .3-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2-
3
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: dense tomentum of short
stellate hairs, very dense on young parts, sparse on stems and upper
leaves.
Color: Green to dark red even purple in some specimens,
pitchers green to deep maroon, but with whitish tomentose ring (rose in maroon
specimens) below peristome.
Distinguishing Features: whitish
tomentose ring beneath peristome.
4. N. ampullaria Jack (1849)
Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, New
Guinea; Rain Forest (Sea Level -
800 m)
Synonyms: ampullaceae Bl., wittata Hort. &
G.Beck.
Cultivar: 'Cantley's Red'
Description: DANSER 265,
KURATA 34, JEBB 21
Stems: climbing, to 15 m; cylindrical, the internodes usually 2-
8
cm long, to .5-
.8
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile or with a short winged petiole, clasping
the stem; lamina lanceolate to spathulate, rosette leaves tiny; 12 cm x 3 cm to
25 cm x 6 cm; apex acute to rounded; base attenuate; veins: 3-
5,
located in the outer 1/3 to 1/2 of the lamina, pennate nerves numerous, forming
a rectangular network.
Lower Pitchers: obliquely urceolate,
laterally flattened, semi-
circular
on the dorsal side, almost straight ventrally; 2 cm x 2 cm to 10 cm x 9 cm; 2
fimbriate wings, to .2-
1.5
cm; mouth ovate, almost horiziontal; peristome flattened and sloping steeply
inwards, to 1.5 cm wide; lid narrowly cuneate, to 4/1.5 cm, apex rounded, base
tapering, glandless; spur simple or branched, to 1.5 cm.
Upper
Pitchers: None present, or rudimentary, the tendril tip coiling and
slightly swollen.
Inflorescence: a panicle, to 40 cm; pedicels 3-
6
flowered, 5 cm long; bracts acuminate to 1 cm.
Indumentum: densely
velvety in young parts, under leaf blades, especially margins, on young
pitchers and on inflorescence.
Color: dark-green, pitchers usually
green and densely flecked with maroon, but some almost whitish yellow, with
pale pink flecks, likewise the leaves of these pitchers may be a pale yellow-
pink
if buried beneath the litter, sepals green, indumentum
red.
Distinguishing Features: no upper pitchers, formation of
numerous short aerial rosettes.
5. N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908)
Indochina; Moss Forest,
Highland
Synonym: geoffrayi Lecomte, kampotiana
Lecomte, micholitzii Bonst.
Description: in brackets from
A. Marshall
Stems:climbing; (cylindrical)not coarse, (5 mm
thick).
Leaves: sessile, with wings, amplexicaul to clasping stem
with sheath, not decurrent to (slightly decurrent around 1/4 of the stem);
lamina (linear-)lanceolate to lanceolate-
spathulate
9 to 18 1/2 cm long, 1.8 to 3 cm thick; (apex acuminate); base attenuate; veins
3-4 located in the outer (2/3) part of the lamina, venation distinct, (margin
entire, midrib pronounced below. 2 longitudinal folds, 1 per side present in
younger leaves).
Lower Pitchers: ovate in the lower part,
(strongly hipped), tubulose and contracted towards the mouth in the upper part,
(3 1/2 to 5 1/2 cm long); 2 fimbriate wings present, (to 3 mm wide, fimbriate
portions to 2 mm long); mouth ovate (to orbicular, oblique, to nearly
vertical); (peristome flattened horizontally slightly wider in front than in
rear, not meeting at neck), to 0.3 cm wide; lid orbicular-
ovate,
apex rounded, base abruptly contracted, lid flat with no basal glandular
appendages, (but with at least 12 longitudinal veins, glandular); spur simple
(or branched, 5) to 10 mm, inserted near lid.
Upper Pitchers:
unknown.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: (plant
covered with a fine, white tomentose indumentum minutely present on the surface
of the leaves and the stems.).
Color: leaves green to yellowish-
green
at margins, tendril yellow green, pitchers reddish-
green
with red stripes, lid same as pitcher, peristome
yellowish.
Distinguishing Features: (Distinguished from N.
mirabilis by leaf margin which is entire rather than dentate.)
6. N. bellii Kondo (1969)
Philippines; Moss Forest (250 - 800
m)
Synonym: globamphora Kur. & Toy.
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves:
Lower
Pitchers: ellipsoidal; to 4.5 cm x 3 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present;
mouth orbiculate; peristome cylindrical.
Upper
Pitchers:
Inflorescence: a
panicle.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing/b>
Features:
7. N. bicalcarata Hook. f. (1873)
Borneo; Moss Forest (Sea
Level -
950 m)
Synonym: dyak Moore
Description: DANSER 271,
KURATA 37
Stems: climbing, to 15 m; cylindrical, to .6-
1.6
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, with narrow wings forming
a short sheath at base; lamina oblong to lanceolate; 20 cm x 6 cm to 65 cm x
12 cm; apex acute; base abruptly contracted; veins: 10-
15,
located in the whole of the lamina, pennate nerves delicate and
numerous.
Lower Pitchers: urceolate; 6 cm x 4 cm to 10 cm x 8
cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to .6-
1.2
cm; mouth orbiculate horizontal at the front, elev ated towards the lid;
peristome involute in the outer part, almost flat in the inner part, to 1 cm
wide; lid reniform, to 2.5-
3
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, with 2 large curved thorns under lid, no
glandular crest present; spur simple, inserted.5-
1
cm from lid, to .5-
1
cm.
Upper Pitchers: campanulate or funnel-shaped; 5 cm x 3 cm
to 13 cm x 8 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth orbiculate horizontal in
front, elevated towards the lid; peristome involute in the outer part, almost
flat in the inner part; lid reniform, to 4x10 cm, apex rounded, base cordate,
lid with 2 large curved thorns under lid, no glandular crest present; spur
simple, inserted .5-
1cm
from lid, to 2 cm.
Inflorescence: a loose panicle, to 100 cm;
pedicels 4-
15
flowered, 10 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: short and
stellate on the young parts, later deciduous.
Color: leaf blade
dark-green above, light-green below, tendril light-green, pitcher ferruginous
outside, light-green inside, peristome light-green, lid mostly like
pitcher.
Distinguishing Features: 2 very large curved thorns
under lid.
8. N. bongso Korthals (1839)
Sumatra; Moss Forest, Highland
(1700 -
2500 m)
Description: DANSER 273
Stems: climbing or prostrate, to 2 m; cylindrical or obtusely
angular, often forming rosettes, to .3-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, not decurrent, clasping the base,
coriaceous; lamina lanceolate-
spathulate;
6 cm x 1.5 cm to 18 cm x 4 cm; apex obtuse to peltate; base cordate to rounded;
veins: 3-
5,
located in the outer 1/3 -
2/3 of lamina, pennate nerves irregularly reticulate.
Lower
Pitchers: lower 2/3 narrowly ovate, cylindrical, slightly narrowed
towards mouth; to 10 cm x 2.5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to .1-
.15
cm; mouth oblique, accuminate towards the neck; peristome flattened or
expanded, to .3-
.9
cm wide; lid orbicular to orbicular-
elliptical,
apex rounded, base subcordate, glandular; spur simple, flattened, attenuate,
inserted near lid, to .3-
.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate, more dilated at the upper
part, slightly contracted at the mouth, gradually or abruptly originating from
the tendril; 5 cm x 2.5 cm to 13 cm x 4 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth
horizontal in the front, accuminate to neck; peristome flattened-
cylindrical,
to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid orbicular to orbicular-
elliptical,
apex rounded, base rounded to cordate, lid glandular; spur simple, flattened,
acute, inserted near lid, to .3-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, (lateral), to 23 cm; pedicels 1
flowered, .6-
1.2
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: on young parts thin but dense,
velvety-
tomentose,
later disappearing,
Color: of young stems greyish green, older dark
green, young leaves light green, tendril and pitchers grey haired when young,
later light-green, with irregular purple spots, on the inside yellow at the
bottom gradually merging to red at the top.
Distinguishing
Features: dimensions of leaves and number of longitudinal veins.
9. N. boschiana Korthals (1839)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland
(950 m)
Description: DANSER 275
Stems: climbing; irregularly angular as a result of the decurrent
leaves, to 1 cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate with 3-
5
mm broad wings, decurrent, clasping stem with sheath; lamina lanceolate to
oblong-
lanceolate;
17 cm x 5 cm to 25 cm x 8 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 2-
4,
located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate nerves indistinct.
Lower
Pitchers: middle-
sized,
globose to ovate in the lower part, cylindrical towards the mouth; 2 fimbriate
wings present; mouth round, sub-
accuminate;
peristome flattened, ribbed; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base subcordate,
glandular; spur simple or branched.
Upper Pitchers: large,
gradually originating from the tendril, ovate in the lower part, cylindrical or
slightly infundibulatetowards the mouth; 20 cm x 3.5 cm to 25 cm x 5.5 cm;
mouth ovate, oblique & elevated towards the lid; peristome flattened or
expanded, to .4-
2
cm wide; lid suborbicular, apex rounded, base subcordate, lid with a laterally
flattened appendage towards the mid rib, glandular over whole
surface.
Inflorescence: a long raceme, to 80 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1 cm long.
Indumentum: sparse, stellate-
tomentose,
brownish when young, rather spreading, later whitish and appressed,
diminishing.
Color: leaves light green, the inner surface of pitcher
dull purple above, shining brown below, the outer surface with purple
spots
Distinguishing Features:
10. N. burbidgeae Hook. f. ex Burbidge (1882)
Borneo; Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland (1200 -
1600 m)
Synonym: phyllamphora Stapf.
Description:
DANSER 277, KURATA 40
Stems: climbing, to 15 m; cylindrical in the lower part, triangular
with 2 wings in upper, to 1.5 cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, clasping
the stem and decurrent into 2 wings over 1 internode; lamina oblong to
lanceolate, coriaceous; 20 cm x 6 cm to 35 cm x 8 cm; margins hirsute (red);
apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/2 -
2/3 of lamina, pennate veins ascending.
Lower Pitchers: ovate
or short ellipsoidal; 6 cm x 4 cm to 18 cm x 12 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present,
to .2-
.4
cm; mouth orbiculate, horizontal in the front, elevated towards the lid;
peristome cylindrical, .4-
1.2
cm broad near lid, to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid orbicular, slightly vaulted, to 3-
8
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lower surface with a glandular crest in the
basal part, delicately wavy margin; spur simple, inserted a few mm from lid, to
0.5 cm.
Upper Pitchers: originating rather abruptly from
tendril, incurved and infudibulate, slightly contracted under the mouth; 5 cm x
3 cm to 13 cm x 7 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth nearly round, horiontal
in front; peristome cylindrical, prolongated into a neck 1-
3
cm long, delicately ribbed, to 8-
12
cm wide; lid broadly ovate, undulate, to 2-
6
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid glandular, the basal part keeled; spur
thick and obtuse, to .8-
1
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 25-
35
cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1-
1.5
cm long.
Indumentum: of the young parts short and brown, later
deciduous and leaving brown points, tendrils pubescent.
Color: lower
leaf purplish green above, upper leaf dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, lower pitcher creamy-
yellow
to light green with purple stiripes, upper pitcher light-
green
with purple blotches on upper part and lid only, peristome light-
green
with purple stripes.
Distinguishing Features:
11. N. campanulata Kurata (1973)
Borneo: EXTINCT; Moss
Forest, Limestone Hills, Highland
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves:
Lower
Pitchers: infundibulate to campanulate; lid orbicular, very small, apex
rounded, base obtuse.
Upper
Pitchers:
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features:
12. N. carunculata Danser (1928)
Sumatra; Highland (1700 -
2330 m)
Description: DANSER
Stems: climbing; cylindrical or
irregularly and obtusely triangular.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul;
lamina spathulate-
lanceolate;
8 cm x 2.5 cm to 23 cm x 6 cm; apex rounded, emarginate or peltate; base
rounded to subcordate; veins: 3, located in the outer 1/3 to 2/3 of lamina,
pennate nerves irregularly reticulate.
Lower Pitchers:
UNKNOWN
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate, slightly contracted at
the mouth, rarely infundibulate in the lower part, slightly ventricose in the
middle, tubulose in the upper part; 14 cm x 3.5 cm to 17 cm x 6 cm; 2 wings
present; mouth oblique, horizontal in the front, elevated towards the lid;
peristome flattened, (expanded to .4 to 1.7 cm near lid,) to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid ovate-
cordate
to orbicular, apex rounded, base cordate, lid with a glandular irregular
appendage at the apex, slightly keeled toward the base; spur simple, flattened,
inserted near the lid, to .4-
.8
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 32 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1-
1.5
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: dense on young pitchers,
later sparse, all other parts sparse.
Color: pitchers light-green
with angular red and violet spots, peristome and lid
green.
Distinguishing Features:
13. N. clipeata Danser (1928)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Limestone
Hills, Highland
Description: DANSER 281
Stems: ascending, not climbing, to 50 m; cylindrical or slightly
flattened, to .6-
1.2
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, strongly triangular-
canaliculate,
forming sheath, not decurrent; lamina orbicular-
obovate,
strongly peltate; 7 cm x 6 cm to 20 cm x 16 cm; apex rounded; base rounded to
cordate; veins: 3-
6,
located in the outer 2/3 of lamina, pennate veins numerous, distinct,
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper
Pitchers: gradually originating from tendril, shortly obovate or almost
globose in the lower 2/5 part, above abruptly narrowed to 2/5 its width, above
slightly infundibulate; 10 cm x 3 cm to 30 cm x 10 cm; prominent ribs in upper
part (or winged); mouth nearly round, oblique, elevated towards the lid;
peristome flattened, to .1-
1.2
cm wide; lid broadly ovate-
cordate,
to 3-
7
cm, apex rounded, base deeply cordate, lid vaulted, with many scattered glands,
laterally flattened ear or claw shaped appendage on the basal part of the
midrib; spur simple, short, thick, inserted.2-
.5
cm from lid.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2 flowered,
1.5 cm long; bracts.
Indumentum: of young parts very dense, less
dense when adult, composed of spreading coarse hairs.
Color:
UNKNOWN.
Distinguishing Features: strongly peltate, orbicular
leaves.
14. N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908)
Philippines; Moss Forest,
Highland (1300 m)
Description: DANSER
Stems:
climbing.
Leaves:sessile, amplexicaul, slightly decurrent; veins 5-6
located in the outer part of the lamina.
Lower Pitchers:
obconical-infundibulate; peristome distinctly ribbed with a toothed inner
margin; lid flat, with no glandular appendages.
Upper
Pitchers: obconical-infundibulate; peristome distinctly ribbed with a
toothed inner margin; lid flat, with no glandular
appendages.
Inflorescence: a raceme, pedicels 1
flowered.
Indumentum:coarse,
ferrugineous.
Color:
Distinguishing Features:
15. N. densiflora Danser (1940)
Sumatra; Highland
Synonym: singalana Tamin & Hotta
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves: sessile.
Lower
Pitchers:
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate; peristome
expanded.
Inflorescence: a dense
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features:
16. N. distillatoria Linne (1753)
Ceylon; Rain Forest, Moss
Forest
Synonyms: chapmanii Balakr., cristata Brogn.,
distillatoria Danser, hirsuta v. glabrescens W.G. Sm.,
indica Poir., rubra Nichols, smithii G.Beck.,
speciosa Hort. & G.Beck., trichocarpa Hort., zeylanica
Raf.
Description: DANSER
Stems: climbing; not
coarse.
Leaves: petiolate, half amplexicaul, coriaceous, lamina
elliptical-elongate, apex rounded, base obtuse.
Lower
Pitchers: ventricose in the lower part, tubulose in the upper part; 2
wide fimbriate wings present; peristome cylindrical to expanded; mouth nearly
transverse; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base obtuse, lid glandular
beneath.
Upper Pitchers: mostly cylindrical, 7 cm x 2.5 cm to
12.5 cm x 3.5 cm; 2 ribs or rudimentary wings present; peristome cylindrical to
expanded; mouth oblique with a short posterior neck; lid orbicular, apex
rounded, base rounded, lid glandular beneath.
Inflorescence: a
panicle.
Indumentum: mostly not present,
glabrous.
Color:bright green pitchers flushed with red above,
peristome green.
Distinguishing Features:
17. N. ephippiata Danser (1928)
Borneo; Highland (1900
m)
Description: DANSER 286
Stems: climbing; almost cylindrical exclusive of wings, which form
saddles below, to 1.6-
2
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, slightly canaliculate, wings decurrent
into 2 obtuse ribs; lamina lanceolate: 30 cm x 8 cm to 35 cm x 10 cm; apex
obtuse; base abruptly contracted; longitudinal veins: none, pennate venation
only.
Lower Pitchers: abruptly originating from tendril,
sharply triangular in the curved part, broadly rounded at the base, slightly,
but distinctly narrowed at half, slightly but distinctly infundibulate towards
mouth: to 15 cm x 8 cm; 2 ribs with rudiment wings at top present; mouth
oblique, acute towards lid; peristome cylindrical in front, flattened to .7 cm
broad, ribs gradually coarser towards lid, to 0.3 cm wide; lid ovate, larger
than mouth, to 15 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, wholly vaulted, inner surface
with many hundreds of appendages in basal half, with exception of the margin,
becoming nipple-
like;
spur not present.
Upper Pitchers:
UNKNOWN
Inflorescence: a long raceme, to 60 cm; pedicels 2 flowered,
2 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: on the stems, petioles,
tendrils, inflorescence, andbelowleaves: wooly-
or velvety-
tomentose,
almost none on upper leaf.
Color: lamina shining green, midrib yellow
above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green,
pitcher light-
green,
somewhat reddish near peristome, longitudinal ribs and peristome red, inner
surface dark-
red
and shining above the narrowed part, lower yellow.
Distinguishing
Features: intermediate between N. lowii and N. rajah..
18. N. fallax G.Beck (1895)
Borneo
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves:
Lower
Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers:
Inflorescence:
Indumentum:
Coor:
Distinguishing
Features:
19. N. fusca Danser (1928)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland (1500 -
2500 m)
Synonym: stenophylla Mast.
Description:
DANSER 288, KURATA 48
Stems: climbing, to 10 m; cylindrical, to .4-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, narrow wings forming an
amplexicaul sheath; lamina spathulate to lanceolate: 12 cm x 4 cm to 16 cm x 6
cm; apex rounded or peltate; base attenuate; veins: 2-
3,
located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate veins forming a reticulate
network.
Lower Pitchers: tubulose: 10 cm x 2 cm to 15 cm x 3
cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to 0.3 cm; mouth ovate, oblique, elevated
towards the lid; peristome cylindrical, to .4-
.8
cm wide; lid oblong; to 3x1 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, with a ventral
glandular crest in the basal part, a glandular boss near the apex; spur simple,
inserted about.8 cm from lid, to .5-
.8
cm.
Upper Pitchers: funnel shaped: 8 cm x 3 cm to 15 cm x 4
cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth round, horizontal in the front, elevated
towards the lid; peristome flattened, to .3-
.8
cm wide; lid narrowly triangular, to 3-
4
cm, apex rounded, base cordate; lid with a ventral glandular crest in the basal
part, a glandular boss near the apex; spur simple, inserted about.8 cm from
lid, to .5-
.8
cm.
Inflorescence: a short raceme, to 10-
15
cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 0.8 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: the young
parts very dense and reddish brown, becoming glabrous with age, with the
exception of inflorescence.
Color: leaf blade dark-green above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green,
sometimes purple, lower pitcher blackish purple with green blotches or stripes,
upper pitcher light-
green
with dark red stripes, lid blackish purple with small green
spots.
Distinguishing Features: glandular boss at apex of lid,
lid is narrowly triangular.
20. N. glabrata Turnbull & Middleton (1984)
Celebes;
Highland (1666 m)
Synonym: rubro-
maculata
Kurata (Illegitimate)
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves:
Lower
Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers:
Inflorescence:
Indumentum:
Coor:
Distinguishing
Features:
21. N. gracilis Korthals (1839)
Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo,
Celebes; Rain Forest (Sea Level -
850 m)
Synonyms: angustifolia Mast., distillatoria
Jack, Steu., Wal., korthalsiana Miq., laevis Lindl.,
longinodes G.Beck., teysmanniana Miq.
Description:
DANSER 291 KURATA 49
Stems: prostrate, rarely climbing, to 2 m; cylindrical in the basal
part, usually triangular with 2 wings, to .3-
.5
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, decurrent into 2 wings over one internode;
lamina linear-
lanceolate:
10 cm x 1.5 cm to 20 cm x 3 cm; margins entire; apex acute; base decurrent;
veins: 4-
7,
located in the outer 3/4 -
4/5 of lamina, pennate nerves irregularly reticulate towards
margin.
Lower Pitchers: ventricose in lower part, cylindrical
in upper: 4 cm x 1 cm to 5 cm x 1 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth
orbiculate, oblique towards the lid; peristome cylindrical, to 0.1 cm wide; lid
orbiculate, slightly vaulted, to 1-
2
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, without a ventral glandular crest; spur simple,
inserted close to lid.
Upper Pitchers: tubulate-
infundibulate
in upper 2/3 part, ovate in lower: 6 cm x 2 cm to 15 cm x 3.5 cm; 2 prominent
ribs present; mouth ovate, oblique towards the lid; peristome cylindrical, to
0.1 cm wide; lid orbiculate, slightly vaulted, to 1-
2
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid without a ventral glandular crest; spur
simple, inserted close to lid.
Inflorescence: a long raceme, to 15-
30
cm; pedicels 1 flowered, .6-
1
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: on the stems and leaves
none, pitchers shortly tomentose with stellate hairs, becoming
deciduous.
Color: stem dark-
red
to purple, blade dark-
green
to purple-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green
or purple, lower pitcher light-
green
with dark-
red
spots, upper pitcher dark-
brown
outside, purplish white in the pruinose part inside, peristome green, lid dark-
red.
Distinguishing
Features: small lower pitchers, dark-
purple
stems, strongly decurrent sessile leaves.
22. N. gracillima Ridley (1908)
Malaysia; Moss Forest,
Highland (810 -
2100 m)
Synonyms: alba Ridl., bongso Ridl.,
ramispina Ridl., singalana Macf.
Description: DANSER
298
Stems: climbing; cylindrical to obtusely angular, to .25-
4
cm thick.
Leaves: clasping the stem; lamina spathulate-
oblong
to linear-
lanceolate:
4 cm x 0.8 cm to 14 cm x 4 cm; apex acute or obtuse; base rounded or cordate;
veins: 0-
4,
located in the outer 1/4 of lamina, pennate nerves distinct or
indistinct.
Lower Pitchers: campanulate-
infundibulate
in the lower part, slightly widened in the middle, cylindrical to the mouth: 4
cm x 1.5 cm to 10 cm x 2.5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to 0.02 cm; mouth
oblique, elevated to form neck; peristome cylindrical to flattened, to 0.15 cm
wide; lid suborbicular to ovate, to .6-
3
cm, apex rounded, base cordate; spur branched or not, inserted .1-
.2
cm from lid, to .2-
1
cm.
Upper Pitchers: narrowly infundibulate in the lower 2/5
part, slightly narrowed in middle, or gradually merging into the upper
cylindrical part: 6 cm x 1 cm to 24 cm x 3.5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present;
mouth oblique, elevated to form neck; peristome flattened-
cylindrical,
to .1-
.2
cm wide; lid suborbicular to orbicular-
ovate,
to 1-
4
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid flat with few large framed glands and with
delicate or coarse spreading bristles or not; spur flat, branched or not,
inserted.1-
.2
cm from lid, to .1-
1
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 30 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered,.4-
1
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: sparse or none in vegetative
parts, rarely velvety or tomentose on stems, inflorescence hirsute when
young.
Color: pitchers green or white with dark-
purple
spots, often densely spotted.
Distinguishing Features: very
similar to N. macfarlanei and N. sanguinea.
23. N. gymnamphora Nees (1824)
Sumatra, Borneo; Moss Forest,
Highland (900 -
2400 m)
Synonyms: melamphora Reinw. ex Bl., pectinata
T. & Hotta, singalana T. & Hotta, spinosa T. &
Hotta
Description: DANSER 301
Stems: climbing, to 15-
40
m; obtusely angular or cylindrical, to .4-
.8
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, with a semi-
amplexicaul
base, rarely slightly decurrent; lamina lanceolate: 10 cm x 2 cm to 35 cm x 6
cm; apex acute to obtuse; base attenuate; veins: 3-
6,
located in the outer 2/3 to 3/4 of lamina, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: rounded at the base, ovate,
conical towards the mouth or more ellipsoidal: 8 cm x 3 cm to 12 cm x 4 cm; 2
fimbriate wings present, to .3-
.6
cm; mouth oblique, elevated towards the lid, no neck; peristome flattened to
expanded, to .4-
1
cm wide; lid ovate, obtuse, to 2-
4
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, without a ventral glandular crest, but more
densely glandular towards the midrib; spur inserted close to lid, flattened,
rarely branched, to .3-
.8
cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually or abruptly originating from the
tendrils, narrowly infundibulate in the lower part, tubulose in the upper 3/5
to 2/3 part, often little widened where these parts meet, rarely narrowly
infundibulate over entire length: 8 cm x 2 cm to 18 cm x 4 cm; 2 prominent ribs
present; mouth oblique, acute, elevated towards the lid; peristome flattened,
to .1-
1
cm wide; lid ovate-
cordate,
to 2-
4
cm, apex obtuse, base cordate, lid without a ventral glandular crest, but more
densely glandular towards the midrib; spur inserted close to lid, flattened,
rarely branched, to .2-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 30 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1-
1.8
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: rather long, appressed in young
parts, later differently dense, usually deciduous on stems and
leaves.
Color: of young stems and leaves glossy green, lighter below,
midrib often reddish or brown, rosette pitchers green with red spots or wholly
red outside, inner surface red to violet, brown, upper pitchers always less
red, often green, or with red spots.
Distinguishing Features:
24. N. hamata Turnbull & Middleton (1984)
Celebes;
Highland (1850 -1900 m)
Synonym: dentata Kurata
Stems:Climbing; robust.
Leaves: sessile;
lanceolate.
Lower Pitchers: ventricose in the lower part,
tubulose in the upper; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth very oblique, acute to
lid; peristome cylindrical with pronounced teeth extending into the inner
margin; lid elliptic-
ovate,
apex rounded, base attenuate, keeled.
Upper Pitchers:
infundibulate; 2 ribs present; mouth very oblique, acute to lid; peristome
cylindrical, expanded, with pronounced teeth extending into the inner margin;
lid elliptic-
ovate,
apex rounded, base attenuate, keeled.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color: pitchers green with red stripes
or flecks, peristome dark red.
Distinguishing Features:
25. N. hirsuta Hook. f. (1873)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland
(600 -
1000 m)
Synonyms: hispida G.Beck., zeylanica Raf.
Description: DANSER 306
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .5-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, with amplexicaul sheath; lamina lanceolate-
spathulate
to obovate: 15 cm x 3 cm to 20 cm x 6 cm; margins hirsute; apex acute; base
attenuate; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate nerves irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: abruptly originating from tendril,
ovate, ventricose: cm x cm to 15 cm x 7 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .2-
.7
cm; mouth oblique, ovate, elevated towards the lid; peristome involute at the
outer side, flattened on the inner side, to 0.6 cm wide, lid ovate, flat; apex
obtuse, base cordate, glandular; spur simple, inserted.1-
.5
cm from lid.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate in the basal part,
the rest tubulose, almost straight on the back side, curved on the winged side,
rarely ventricose in the lower part or narrowly infundibulate over the whole
length: 8 cm x 2.5 cm to 12 cm x 3 cm; 2 ribs present, with a fringed rudiment,
to 0.6 cm wide; mouth horizontal, acuminate towards the neck; peristome
involute at the outer side, flattened on the inner side, to 0.3 cm wide; lid
ovate, apex emarginate, base cordate,basal part of midrib slightly prominent,
glandular; spur filiform, inserted close to lid, to 0.6
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme (lateral), to 30 cm; pedicels 1
flowered,.3-
.4
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: very dense when young,
deciduous, leaving brown spots, becoming even glabrous when
older.
Color: UNKNOWN
Distinguishing Features:
26. N. inermis Danser (1928)
Sumatra; Moss Forest, Highland
(1800 -
2300 m)
Description: DANSER 312
Stems: climbing; irregularly and obtusely triangular, to .3-
.5
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul;
lamina lanceolate-
spathulate:
5 cm x 1 cm to 12 cm x 2.5 cm; apex acute or obtuse; base attenuate; veins: 3,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate veins irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper
Pitchers: originating gradually or abruptly from tendril, tubulose or
slightly infundibulate in the lower half, infundibulate in the upper half: 5 cm
x cm to 9 cm x 5 cm; wings or ribs not present; mouth laterally compressed,
horizontal; peristome almost none; lid very narrowly cuneiform, to 5x.4 cm,
apex rounded, base attenuate; lid glandular; spur simple, inserted close to the
lid, to .3-
.4
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 17 cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 0.3 cm
long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: dense in the young parts, later
deciduous, persisting on the stems above the axils and the
inflorescence.
Color: pitchers green, sometimes striped with brown at
the mouth rim, with small red-
brown
spots on the lid.
Distinguishing Features: peculiarly formed
pitchers, almost no peristome and very narrow lid.
27. N. insignis Danser (1928)
New Guinea; Rain Forest (80 -
850 m)
Synonym: bongso Tamin & Hotta
Description: DANSER 316, JEBB 24
Stems: climbing; triangular, to 0.5 cm thick.
Leaves:
sessile, decurrent into 2 wings on the stem, thin-
coriaceous;
lamina linear-
lanceolate
to spathulate: 10 cm x 3 cm to 30 cm x 6 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins:
3-
6,
located in the outer 1/2 of the lamina, pennate nerves
numerous.
Lower Pitchers: ovate in lower half, gradually
becoming cylindrical in upper half: to 16 cm x 5 cm; 2 ribs or thin, sparsely
denticulate wings present; mouth oblique, acute towards lid; peristome
expanded, crinkled, to .6-
2
cm wide; lid orbicular-
ovate,
to 5x4.5 cm, apex rounded, base rounded to cordate, keeled with a distinct
midrib and 2 prominent lateral veins, with many large rimmed glands clustered
about these; spur simple, filiform, inserted close to lid, to 0.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate, sharply triangular in
section at base, almost cylindrical above: to 25 cm x 8 cm; 2 prominent ribs
present; mouth oblique, acute towards lid; peristome expanded, crinkled, to .8-
3.5
cm wide; lid orbicular-
ovate,
to 4.5/7 cm, apex rounded, base rounded to cordate, lid keeled with a distinct
midrib and 2 prominent lateral veins, with many large rimmed glands clustered
about these; spur simple, filiform, inserted close to lid, to 0.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 50 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 2-
2.5
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: sparse.
Color:
Pitchers green with slight red spotting.
Distinguishing
Features: Large pitchers, lack of glandular processes, venation pattern
and 2 flowered pedicels.
28. N. khasiana Hook. f. (1873)
India: CITES 1; Moss
Forest
Synonyms: distillatoria R.Grah., melamphora
Hook.f., phyllamphora Reg. & Sims, rubra Hort. &
Rafarin
Description: in brackets from A.
Marshall
Stems: (3 m high in cultivation, cylindrical to
elliptic, to 7 mm thick, rosettes present).
Leaves: sessile,
amplexicaul, shortly decurrent (to less than 3/4 of the length of the
internode); lamina lanceolate to spathulate: margins entire; apex (obtuse to
gradually) acuminate; base (obtuse to) auriculate; veins: 5-6, located in the
outer 1/4, venation not distinct, (margin entire).
Lower
Pitchers: tubulose, to somewhat ventricose in the lower part, 6 to 18 cm
long, ; 2 fimbriate wings present, (4 mm wide); mouth ovate; peristome
cylindrical, to .1 cm wide; lid orbicular; apex rounded, base rounded,
glandular, (with 2 prominent dorsal ridges, with equally prominent furrow
between, 2.7 cm x 2.2 cm); spur simple, inserted close to lid, to .05
cm.
Upper Pitchers: tubulose, slightly ventricose in the lower
part,slightly hipped 10 cm x 4 cm to 17.5 cm x 7.5 cm; 2 prominent ribs
present; mouth ovate; peristome cylindrical, to .1 cm wide; lid orbicular, apex
rounded, base rounded, lid glandular; spur simple inserted close to
lid.
Inflorescence: a raceme, (25 cm to 45 cm
long).
Indumentum: red, tomentose, (present on tendril, traps and
midrib on the lower side).
Color: mostly light-green, pitchers green,
tinged with red.
Distinguishing Features:
29. N. klossii Ridley (1916)
New Guinea; Moss Forest,
Grassland, Highland (1000 -
2000 m)
Description: DANSER 317, JEBB 26
Stems: triangular, axillary buds prominent, to 1 cm
thick.
Leaves: petiolate, decurrent to halfway on internode,
coriaceous; lamina lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate:
6 cm x 18 cm to 9 cm x 25 cm; apex obtuse; base obtuse; veins: 2 +, located in
the outer 1/3 -
1/4
of lamina, pennate nerves obscured, midrib ribbed above.
Lower
Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper Pitchers: abruptly originating
from tendril, infundibulate in lower part, cylindrical above, slightly hipped:
to 20 cm x 5 cm; 2 ribs present; mouth oblique to vertical, forward; peristome
curved, to .3-
1.5
cm wide; lid suborbicular, to 5 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid with 2
appendages on ventral side, larger appendage a laterally flattened crest near
the junction and recurved towards pitcher; spur simple, attenuate, ascending
about 2 cm from lid.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 18 cm; pedicels 2
flowered, 2 cm long.
Indumentum: dense on growing parts, underside of
leaf blade, above and below midrib, upper surface of lid, spur and
inflorescence.
Color: lid deep purple, remainder probably
reddish.
Distinguishing Features: The forward directed mouth
distinguishes N. klossii from the closely related N. maxima.
30. N. lowii Hook. f. (1858)
Borneo; Highland (1650 -
2600 m)
Description: DANSER 322, KURATA 53
Stems: climbing, to 8 m; cylindrical, to .6-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate forming a short sheath at
the base; lamina oblong-
lanceolate:
15 cm x 6 cm to 30 cm x 9 cm; margins hirsute; apex rounded; base abruptly
contracted; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer part of lamina,.
Lower Pitchers: durable,
globose in the lower part, funnel shaped in the upper part, strongly contracted
in the middle: 15 cm x 6 cm to 20 cm x 12 cm; wings not present; mouth ovate,
almost horizontal; peristome almost none, to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid ovate, to 12 x 9 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, distinctly keeled
and vaulted, scattered coarse and long bristles on the lower surface; spur
simple, attenuate, inserted close to lid.
Upper Pitchers:
durable, globose in the lower part, funnel shaped in the upper part, strongly
contracted in the middle: 15 cm x 6 cm to 20 cm x 12 cm; wings not present;
mouth ovate, almost horizontal; peristome almost none, to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid ovate, to 12 x 9 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid distinctly
keeled and vaulted, scattered coarse and long bristles on the lower surface;
spur simple, attenuate, inserted close to lid.
Inflorescence: a
raceme, to 15-
30
cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 2 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum:
sparse, the stems glabrous from the beginning, the leaves very tomentose when
young, soon glabrous.
Color: leaf blade dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green,
sometimes purplish-
green,
pitcher dark-
green
outside, dark-
red
inside, lid green above, dark-
red
below.
Distinguishing Features: the pitcher and lid shape are
very distinct.
31. N. macfarlanei Hensl. (1905)
Malaysia; Moss Forest,
Highland (1200 -
2000 m)
Description: DANSER 323
Stems: climbing, to 2-3 m; cylindrical or obtusely angular, to .4-
.7
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul;
lamina oblong to lanceolate or spathulate: 5 cm x 2 cm to 18 cm x 5.5 cm; apex
acute, round, or attenuate; base rounded or cordate; veins: 3-
5,
located in the outer 2/5 of lamina, pennate veins indistinct, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: infundibulate in the lower part,
often slightly ventricose in the middle, cylindrical in the upper part: to 20
cm; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth horizontal, elongated to neck; peristome
flattened, to 0.8 cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular,
to 3.5-
5
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, glandular, with many differently long and
spreading bristles.
Upper Pitchers: abruptly originating from
tendril, infundibulate, often slightly contracted towards the mouth: 11 cm x 4
cm to 17 cm x 6 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth horizontsl, elongated to
neck; peristome flattened, to .2-
1
cm wide; lid orbicular, to 3.5-
5
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular, with many differently long and
spreading bristles; spur flattened, branched or not, inserted close to lid, to
.2-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1-
2.2
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: very short and dense on youg
parts, usually deciduous, rarely persistent on tendrils and below
mouth.
Color: pitcher white with red spots.
Distinguishing
Features: very similar to N. sanguinea and N.
gracillima.
32. N. macrovulgaris Turnbull & Middleton (1987)
Borneo;
Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland (300 -
1200 m)
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .3-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, slightly decurrent; lamina linear-
lanceolate:
8 cm x 2 cm to 20 cm x 4 cm; apex acute; base decurrent; veins: 1-
3,
located in the outer part of the lamina.
Lower Pitchers: ovate
in the lower part, cylindrical in the upper part: 10 cm x 3 cm to 20 cm x 6 cm;
2 fimbriate wings present, to .2-
.6
cm; mouth ovate, oblique to the lid; peristome cylindrical, to .2-
.4
cm wide; lid elliptic, to 3-
5
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, without a ventral glandular crest; spur simple,
inserted close to lid.
Upper Pitchers: slightly ventricose in
the lower part tubular to narrowly infundibulate in the upper part: 10 cm x 3
cm to 30 cm x 8 cm; 2 ribs presen; mouth ovate, oblique; peristome cylindrical,
somewhat expanded, to 0.6 cm wide; lid elliptic, to 3-
5
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid without a ventral glandular crest; spur
simple, inserted close to lid.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum: UNKNOWN
Color: pitchers are dark purple
or green, sometimes slightly glaucous, or flecked with red, peristome green
sometimes striped with red, lid red or green, sometimes flecked with
red.
Distinguishing Features: differing from N. leptochila
by the expanded peristome and sessile leaves.
33. N. madagascariensis Poir. (1797)
Madagascar; Rain Forest,
Moss Forest
Synonym: distillatoria Brion.
Description: LECOUFLE 134
Stems: shrubby, rarely climbing, to 8 m;
cylindrical.
Leaves: petiolate, semi-
amplexicaul,
with narrow wings clasping the stem; lamina oblong: to 25 cm x 4.5 cm; margins
entire; apex acute; base attenuate.
Lower Pitchers: ovate in
the lower third and attenuate towards the mouth: to 10 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate
wings present, to 0.3 cm; mouth orbiculate; peristome cylindrical, to 0.1 cm
wide; lid reniform, to 2.5 cm, apex rounded, base cordate,
glandular.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate: to 12 cm x 4 cm; 2
prominent ribs present; mouth orbiculate; peristome cylindrical, to 0.1 cm
wide; lid reniform, apex rounded, base cordate, lid
glandular.
Inflorescence: a panicle.
Indumentum:
ferrugineous on young parts.
Color: pitchers reddish or bright red,
lid greenish or reddish above, green below.
Distinguishing
Features:
34. N. masoalensis Schmid-
Hollinger
(1977)
Madagascar; Moss Forest
Description: LECOUFLE,
CPN
Stems: climbing, to 8 m; cylindrical.
Leaves:
petiolate, semi-
amplexicaul,
with narrow wing clasping the stem; lamina oblong: to 25 cm x 4.5 cm; margins
entire; apex acute; base attenuate.
Lower Pitchers: ovate in
the lower third and attenuate toeards the mouth: to 10 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate
wings present, to 0.3 cm; mouth orbiculate; peristome cylindrical, to 0.1 cm
wide; lid reniform, to 2.5 cm, apex rounded, base cordate,
glandular.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate in the lower part,
then contracted in the middle and cylindrical in the upper part: to 12 cm x 4
cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth orbiculate; peristome cylindrical, to 0.1
cm wide; lid reniform, to 2.5 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid
glandular.
Inflorescence: a panicle.
Indumentum:
ferrugineous on young parts.
Color: pitchers green with red spots or
not, lid green above, bright red below.
Distinguishing
Features:
35. N. maxima Reinwardt ex Nees (1824)
Borneo, Celebes,
Moluccas, New Guinea; Moss Forest, Highland (600 -
2475 m)
Synonyms: boschiana Becc., celebica Hook.f.,
maxima Becc., oblanceolata Ridl.
Cultivars:
SGS
Description: DANSER 326, JEBB 29
Stems: climbing, to 6 m; cylindrical to triangular, often winged
from leaf bases, to .3-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, decurrent, wings may run up to 2
internodes down stem; lamina obovate to lanceolate: 10 cm x 3 cm to 20 cm x 6
cm; margins pubescent; apex blunt to acute; base attenuate; veins: 1-
3,
located in the outer 1/3 -
1/4 of lamina, pennate nerves irregular, spike-
like
axillary buds.
Lower Pitchers: narrowly ovoid becoming
cylindrical above, occasionally hipped, or whole pitcher ellipsoidal, widest at
middle: to 18 cm x 5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to 0.8 cm; mouth oblique, elongated
to the neck; peristome rounded, to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid ovate to triangular-
ovate,
apex obtuse, base cordate, with laterally flattened appendage on basal part of
midrib and filiform appendage near apex; spur simple, small, inserted close to
lid, to 0.5 cm.
Upper Pitchers: abruptly or gradually
originating from tendril, not always truly outfacing, infundibulate to
cylindrical, occasionally hipped: to 20 cm x 5 cm; 2 ribs, occasionally small
fringed wings near mouth; mouth oblique, elongated towards the neck; peristome
flattened, often with irregular folds toward outer margin, sometimes with acute
peak on front edge; lid orbicular and triangular, to 2-
5
cm, apex obtuse, base cordate, lid with laterally flattened appendage on basal
part of midrib and filiform appendage near apex, very glandular; spur simple,
to 0.5 cm.
Inflorescence: loose raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2
flowered, 2.5 cm long; bracts rarely.
Indumentum: variable, glabrous
to densely pubescent on stems, petioles, midrib, leaf margin, tendril and
inflorescence.
Color: variable, leaves dark green, midrib and tendril
red, pitcher usually flecked with red or maroon, rarely pale green. throughout,
sepals red, stigma pale green, indumentum reddish
brown.
Distinguishing Features: 2 lid appendages, irregular
pennate nerves, spike-
like
buds, 2 flowered pedicel.s
36. N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911)
Philippines; Moss
Forest
Synonyms: merrillii Elm., surigaoensis
Elm.
Description: DANSER 329
Stems: prostrate or climbing; obtusely triangular, to .7-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, decurrent to 2 wings over 1/2 to 1
internode; lamina linear-
lanceolate:
20 cm x 5 cm to 60 cm x 7 cm; apex obtuse or rounded; base attenuate; veins: 6-
7,
located in the outer 2/3 of lamina, pennate veins indistinct, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: broadly rounded base, widely
ovate, conical towards the top: to 20 cm x 12 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to
1 cm; mouth oblique, incurved to lid; peristome flattened or expanded, to .8-
1.5
cm wide; lid broadly ovate, to 1 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, flat or
obtusely keeled, with not many glands; spur filiform, inserted some mm from
lid, to 1.2 cm.
Upper Pitchers: ellipsoidal, widest about the
middle: 10 cm x 9 cm to 26 cm x 9 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth oblique,
acute towards the lid; peristome flattened or expanded, to .8-
1.5
cm wide; lid broadly ovate, apex rounded, base rounded, lid flat or obtusely
keeled, with not many glands; spur filiform, inserted some mm from lid, to 1.2
cm.
Inflorescence: a coarse raceme, to 30 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 3
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: sparse, young parts
arachnoideously hairy, inflorescence sparingly but distinctly
hairy.
Color: UNKNOWN.
Distinguishing Features:
37. N. mirabilis (Lour) Druce (1916)
All of SE Asia; Rain -
Moss Forest, Swamp, Basic Soils (Sea Level -
1500 m)
Synonyms: albo-
lineata
F.M.Bail., alicae F.M. Bail., armbrustae F.M. Bail.,
beccariana Macf., bernaysii F.M. Bail., cholmondeleyi F.M.
Bail., distillatoria Auct. ex Steud., echinostoma Hook.f.,
fimbriata Bl., garrawae F.M. Bail., jardinei F.M. Bal.,
kennedyana F.Muel., kennedyi Benth., macrostachya Bl.,
molluccensis Oken., moorei F.M. Bail., pascoensis F.M.
Bail., phyllamphora Willd., rowanae F.M. Bail., smilesii
Hemsl., tabulosa Macf., vieillardii
Studnicka
Cultivars: 'Efulgent Koto' 'Green Horn' 'Hachijo'
'Lecouflei' 'Winged'
Description: DANSER 333, KURATA 56, JEBB
32
Stems: shrubby, erect, climbing, to 6 m; cylindrical, to .6-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, slightly winged forming a sheath at
base, thin-
coriaceous;
lamina lanceolate to obovate: 20 cm x 4 cm to 40 cm x 10 cm; margins fimbriate;
apex accuminate to acute; base attenuate; veins: 4-
8,
located in the entire area of the lamina, pennate nerves froming a distinct
rectangular pattern.
Lower Pitchers: ventricose in the lower
part, cylindrical towards the mouth, usually hipped: 5 cm x 1 cm to 10 cm x 2
cm; 2 fimbriate wings; mouth orbiculate, oblique; peristome flattened, to 2-
3
cm wide; lid orbicular to orbicular-
ovate,
to 3 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, glandular beneath; spur flattened with 2+
attenuations, confluent with lid, to .3-
.6
cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually originating from tendril,
infundibulate at base, cylindrical above, distinctly hipped: 12 cm x 2 cm to 20
cm x 3 cm; 2 ribs present; mouth orbiculate, oblique; peristome flattened, to 2-
3
cm wide; lid orbicular to orbicular-
ovate,
to 3 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid glandular beneath; spur flattened with
2+ attenuations, confluent with lid, to .3-
.6
cm.
Inflorescence: dense raceme, to 15 cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1.5
cm long; bracts rarely present.
Indumentum: sparse, on growing parts
only.
Color: pitchers usually a pale green to yellowish, sometimes
flushed red on the upper part, rarely with red flecks, sepals
red.
Distinguishing Features: fimbriate margins on lower
leaves, hipped pitchers, regular net-
like
venation pattern
38. N. mollis Danser (1928)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland
(1800 m)
Description: DANSER 338
Stems: climbing; cylindrical or somewhat obtusely angular or
flattened, to .6-
.9
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, decurrent into 2 wings; lamina lanceolate
or spathulate-
lanceolate:
18 cm x 3.5 cm to 20 cm x 4.5 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 1-
2,
located in the near the margin, nervation indistinct.
Lower
Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper Pitchers:
UNKNOWN
Inflorescence: a dense lateral raceme, to 20 cm; pedicels 2
flowered, 1.2 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: very abundant,
mostly brown, stem velvety, pitcher rudiment hairy, upper leave coevered in
short white hairs.
Color:
Distinguishing Features:
nervation as well as dense indumentum.
39. N. muluensis Hotta (1966)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland
(2300 -
2376 m)
INCOMPLETE DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves:
sessile.
Lower Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers: tubulose to narrowly infundibulate: 10 cm;e; mouth ovate;
peristome cylindrical; lid orbicular, flat, apex rounded, base
attenuate.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum:
Color: deep purple pitcher, with a white
lid and peristome.
Distinguishing Features: deep
purple pitcher, with a white lid and peristome.
40. N. murudensis Culham (1994)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland
INCOMPLETE DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves: sessile;
lanceolate.
Lower Pitchers: peristome
cylindrical.
Upper Pitchers: peristome
cylindrical.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum:
not present.
Color:
Distinguishing Features:
41. N. neoguineensis Macfarlane (1928)
New Guinea; Rain
Forest (Sea Level -
1400 m)
Synonym: leptoptera Zippel
Description:
DANSER 341, JEBB 36
Stems: climbing or scrambling, to 10 m; angular below nodes
otherwise cylindrical, to 1 cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, winged,
slightly decurrent; lamina lanceolate: to 35 cm x 8 cm; apex acute; base
tapering; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate nerves numerous, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: ovoid, becoming cylindrical
towards mouth, but narrowest there: to 14 cm x 4.5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings
present, to 1 cm; mouth oblique, not forming neck; peristome flattened, sloping
inwards, to 0.08 cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular,
to 6 cm, apex emarginate, base cordate, glandular; spur simple, flattened
inserted close to lid, to 0.5 cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually
originating from tendril, finely infundibulate in lower part, becoming swollen
at 2/5 its length, then slightly narrowed and barely widened again at its
mouth: to 24 cm x 5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .5-
.8
cm wide; mouth oblique, not forming neck; peristome cylindrical or flattened,
to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular
to truncate, to 6 cm, apex emarginate, base cordate; lid glandular; spur
simple, flattened inserted close to lid, to 0.5 cm.
Inflorescence:
loose panicle, to 40 cm; pedicels 4-
5
flowered, 5 cm long; bracts corycombs to 5cm.
Indumentum: very
sparse, only on new leaves, which become glabrous, lower leaves often pubescent
on margins and midrib.
Color: green, pitchers occasionally flecked
with small amounts of red.
Distinguishing Features: heavily
fringed upper and lower pitchers, corymbiform pedicels.
42. N. northiana Hook. f. (1881)
Borneo, Malaysia; Moss
Forest, Limestone Hills (60 -
90 m)
Synonyms: decurrens Macf., nordtiana Boerl.,
spuria G.Beck.
Description: DANSER 343
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .6-
.8
cm thick.
Leaves: mostly sessile, semiamplexicaul, decurrent in 2
wings over 2 internodes; lamina elliptic, oblong or obovate: 15 cm x 3 cm to 35
cm x 10 cm; apex rounded or peltate; base attenuate; veins: 4, located in the
outer part of lamina, pennate veins indistinct.
Lower
Pitchers: small or medium sized, wholly ovate or ovate in the lower
part, and cylindrical towards the mouth; 2 fimbriate wings present, to cm;
mouth ovate, oblique; peristome flattened-
cylindrical
to expanded, narrow in front and near lid broader on the side, finely ribbed,
to 1-
5
cm wide; lid ovate-
oblong,
to 2-
10
cm, apex acute, base rounded.
Upper Pitchers: large, gradually
or abruptly originating from tendril, tubulose or infundibulate: to 40 cm x 12
cm; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth ovate, oblique; peristome flattened-
cylindrical
to expanded, narrow in front and near lid broader on the side, finely ribbed,
to 1-
4
cm wide; lid ovate-
oblong,
to 2-
10
cm, apex acute, base rounded.
Inflorescence: a triangular raceme, to
35 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, .2-
.3
cm long.
Indumentum: sparse, the stems and pitchers
glabrous.
Color: leaves shining green, the pitchers pale-
green
with purple spots, the peristome yellowish green with purple
stripes.
Distinguishing Features:
43. N. paniculata Danser (1928)
New Guinea; Moss Forest,
Highland (1460 m)
Description: DANSER 346, JEBB 38
Stems: climbing, to 7 m; cylindrical, to .5-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, winged, forming a semi amplexicaul
sheath; lamina broadly lanceolate: 20 cm x 4 cm to 30 cm x 7 cm; margins; apex
accuminate; base attenuate; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate nerves numerous, forming an
irregular network.
Lower Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper
Pitchers: gradually originating from tendril, wholly infundibulate: 8 cm
x 3 cm to 11 cm x 5 cm; 2 ribs present, sometimes with thin wings; mouth nearly
round, oblique; peristome flattened, to .4-
1
cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular,
to 5 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular; spur simple,
small.
Inflorescence: a panicle, to 30 cm; pedicels -
5
flowered, 3 cm long.
Indumentum: sparse.
Color: stems and
leaves light green, paler below, tendril and pitcher yellow green, peristome
dark green, interior surface of pitcher with violet spots, lid yellow green,
reddish above, peduncle green with reddish hue, tepals light green, later
red.
Distinguishing Features: paniculate, but with wholly
infundibulate, unwinged pitchers
44. N. papuana Danser (1928)
New Guinea; Rain Forest (30 -
1000 m)
Synonym: neoguineensis Ridl.
Description:
DANSER 347, JEBB 40
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .5-
.7
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, canaliculate, with a semi-
amplexicaul
sheath to stem; lamina lanceolate, coriaceous: 15 cm x 2.5 cm to 30 cm x 5 cm;
apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 4-
6,
located in the outer 2/3 of lamina, pennate nerves numerous, forming an
irregular network.
Lower Pitchers: obliquely ovoid in lower
part, gradually narrowed towards mouth: 3 cm x 1.25 cm to 6 cm x 2.5 cm; 2
wings present, sometimes fimbriate, to 0.6 cm; mouth oblique, acute towards
lid; peristome flattened, to 0.2 cm wide; lid orbicular, to 3 cm, apex rounded,
base cordate, glandular, with small filiform appendages on either side of spur;
spur simple, flattened, inserted near lid.
Upper Pitchers:
shortly infundibulate in basal part, ovoid to 1/3 its length, then wholly
cylindrical or slightly attenuate and dilated at mouth: 12 cm x 2.5 cm to 15 cm
x 4 cm; 2 narrow wings present, sometimes fimbriate, to 0.6 cm wide; mouth
oblique, acute towards lid; peristome flattened, to 0.3 cm wide; lid orbicular,
to 3 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular, rarely with the start of a
keel near the basal part of midrib or conical appendage near the apex; spur
simple, flattened, inserted near lid, to .2-
.3
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 25 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1.5 cm long.
Indumentum: sparse, but sometimes dense
beneath blade margin.
Color: pitchers pale green externally, with few
red flecks, but darkly pigmented within.
Distinguishing
Features: pitchers unhipped; wings, larger mouths on upper, short
petiole, less distinct pennate nerves
45. N. pervillei Blume (1852)
Seychelles; Moss
Forest
Synonym: wardii Wright
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems:
Leaves: sessile; lamina
spathulate
Lower Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers: infundibulate in the lower part, strongly contracted in the
middle, then tubulose or narrowly infundibulate in the upper part; wings not
present; mouth ovate; peristome cylindrical, to .2-
.3
cm wide; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base attenuate; lid
flat.
Inflorescence: a panicle.
Indumentum:
Color: leaves dark green above, pitchers
reddish to light-
green,
with red flecks or not, lid red beneath, green or reddish
above.
Distinguishing Features: seeds are very short, with
no appendages.
46. N. petiolata Danser (1928)
Philippines; Moss
Forest
Description: DANSER 353
Stems: climbing; cylindrical.
Leaves: petiolate, semi-
amplexicaul;
lamina oblong-
lanceolate;
veins: 4, located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate veins irregularly
reticulaate.
Lower Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper
Pitchers: large, ovate, ventricose in the lower part, cylindrical in the
upper part; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth oblique, elevated towards neck;
peristome flattened, expanded, ribs somewhat coarse, teeth on the inner margin
are 2-
5x
as long as broad, to 1.5 cm wide; lid ovate, apex rounded, base cordate, lid
glandular.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum:
sparse.
Color:
Distinguishing Features: differing
from N. merriliana in the petiolate leaves and somewhat coarser ribs to
the peristome.
47. N. philippinensis Macfarlane (1908)
Philippines; Moss
Forest
Synonym: N. brachycarpa Merrill
INCOMPLETE
DESCRIPTION
Stems: climbing.
Leaves:sessile, amplexicaul,
not decurrent; lamina linear-lanceolate; veins 4 located in the outer part of
the lamina.
Lower Pitchers: 2 fimbriate wings present;
peristome cylindrical; lid flat with no glandular
appendages.
Upper
Pitchers:
Inflorescence: a raceme; pedicels 2-3
flowered.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features:
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (1835)
Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo;
Rain Forest (Sea Level -
1200 m)
Synonyms: hemsleyana Macf., hookeri Alph. &
Hook.f., hookeriana Low, Baxt., Becc., nigropurpurea Mast.,
sanderiana Burb.
Cultivars: 'Elongata'
'Vittata'
Description: DANSER 358, KURATA 60
Stems: climbing, to 15 m; cylindrical, to .4-
.8
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, with narrow wings forming a semi-
amplexicaul
sheath; lamina elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate:
10 cm x 5 cm to 30 cm x 10 cm; apex rounded; base abruptly contracted; veins: 4-
5,
located in the outer 2/3 of lamina, pennate nerves numerous, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: rounded at the base, conical to
the top: 10 cm x 5 cm to 20 cm x 12 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to 4 cm;
mouth ovate-
oblique,
elevated towards lid; peristome flattened-
cylindrical,
.8-
2.5
cm broad near lid, to 0.4 cm wide; lid orbicular, slightly vaulted, to 5-
12
cm; apex rounded, base rounded, with 2 keels formed by 2 principal nerves; spur
simple, inserted close to lid, to 2 cm.
Upper Pitchers:
narrowly funnel-
shaped:
10 cm x 3 cm to 30 cm x 10 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth ovate,
horizontal in front, elevated towards lid; peristome flattened-
cylindrical,
.6-
2.5
cm broad near lid, sometimes forming a trapezoid in front, to .4-
.6
cm wide; lid orbicular, slightly vaulted, to 5-
12
cm, apex rounded, base rounded; lid with 2 keels formed by 2 principal nerves;
spur simple, inserted close to lid, to 2 cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme,
to 10-
50
cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1-
2.5
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: thin but dense tomentum of
delicate and longer hairs in young parts, becoming sparse, glabrous upper
leaves.
Color: leaf blade dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green,
pitcher green with red or purple spots in different degrees, often blackish
purple with green spots in the lower pitcher, peristome green with dark red
stripes, lid like pitcher.
Distinguishing Features:
49. N. rajah Hook. f. (1859)
Borneo: CITES 1; Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland (1500 -
1650 m)
Description: DANSER 362, KURATA 61
Stems: prostrate; cylindrical, to 1.5-
3
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, distinctly winged forming amplexicaul
sheath; lamina elliptic or oblong: 20 cm x 10 cm to 45 cm x 15 cm; apex rounded
and peltate; base abruptly contracted; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate nerves irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: ellipsoidal: 15 cm x 10 cm to 35
cm x 18 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .6-
1.5
cm; mouth elliptic, very oblique; peristome distinctly expanded and wavy at
outer margin, 2-
5
cm broad near lid, to 1-
2
cm wide; lid ovate and vaulted, to 25 cm; apex rounded, base cordate, usually
larger than the mouth in dimensions, midrib distinctly keeled in basal part,
without glandular crest; spur simple, inserted close to lid.
Upper
Pitchers: infundibulate, abruptly contracted from the mouth towards the
base: 15 cm x 10 cm to 35 cm x 18 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .6-
1.5
cm wide; mouth elliptic, very oblique; peristome distinctly expanded and wavy
at outer margin 2-
5
cm broad near lid, to 1-
2
cm wide; lid ovate and vaulted, to 25 cm, apex rounded, base cordate; lid
usually larger than the mouth in dimensions, midrib distinctly keeled in basal
part, without glandular crest; spur simple, inserted close to
lid.
Inflorescence: a long raceme, to 50-
80
cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 2-
3
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: young parts covered with
long speading brown hairs, later glabrous.
Color: leaf blade dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green,
sometimes purplish near pitcher, pitcher scarlet to purple, peristome purple to
dark-
red,
lid scarlet to purple outside, yellow-
green
inside.
Distinguishing Features: greatly enlarged, vaulted
lid.
50. N. reinwardtiana Miq. (1852)
Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo,
Moluccas; Moss Forest (Sea Level -
1200 m)
Synonyms: korthalsiana Macf., reinwardtii
Hook.f.
Description: DANSER 364, KURATA 65
Stems: climbing, to 20 m; sharply triangular with 2 wings, to .4-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, amplexicaul and decurrent into 2 wings
over one internode; lamina linear-
lanceolate:
10 cm x 1.5 cm to 20 cm x 3 cm; apex acute; base slightly cordate; veins: 2-
4,
located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate veins very irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: tubulate-
infundibulate,
narrowed in the middle, little ventricose in the lower part: 10 cm x 2.5 cm to
20 cm x 5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth ovate, oblique; peristome
cylindrical, ribs indistinct, 2 very distinct eye-
spots
occur inside beneath the neck of the lid, to 0.1 cm wide; lid elliptic, almost
flat, to 2-
4
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, without a ventral glandular crest; spur simple,
inserted close to lid, to .1-
.3
cm.
Upper Pitchers: originating from the tendril with 4
distinct sides then becoming tubulate-
infundibulate,
narrowed in the middle, little ventricose in the lower part: 10 cm x 2.5 cm to
20 cm x 5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present, to 0.1 cm wide; mouth ovate, oblique;
peristome cylindrical, ribs indistinct, 2 very distinct eye spots occur inside
beneath the neck of the lid, to 0.1 cm wide; lid elliptic, almost flat, to 2-
4
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid without a ventral glandular crest; spur
simple, inserted close to lid, to .1-
.3
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 20-
35
cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1-
2
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: appressed and stellate in
the young parts, otherwise glabrous, inflorescences velvety-
tomentose.
Color:
leaf dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril light green, pitcher light-
green
to dark red outside, whitsh-
green
(light pink) in the pruinose part inside, peristome light green (red), lid same
as pitcher.
Distinguishing Features: 2 very distinct eye-
spots.
51. N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973)
Sumatra; Highland (1800 -
1900 m)
INCOMPLETE DESCRIPTION
Stems: climbing; obliquely
angular.
Leaves: sessile; lanceolate.
Lower
Pitchers: small, ventricose in the lower part, slightly contracted in
the middle, tubulose to narrowly infundibulate in the upper part: 5 cm x 1 cm
to 10 cm x 2 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth oblique; peristome
cylindrical to expanded, undulated, to .05-
.2
cm wide; lid orbicular; to 2 cm; apex rounded, base cordate, glandular, without
appendages, keeled; spur simple, inserted close to lid.
Upper
Pitchers: rarely developed, ventricose in the lower part, slightly
contracted in the middle, tubulose to narrowly infundibulate in the upper part:
5 cm x 1 cm to 10 cm x 2 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth oblique; peristome
cylindrical to expanded, narrower than lower pitcher, to .05-
.1
cm wide; lid elliptic, to 2 cm, apex rounded, base cordate; lid glandular,
without appendages, keeled; spur simple, inserted close to
lid.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
leaves dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, lower pitchers reddish green with darker red blotches or spots,
peristome green or red, upper pitchers green with red spots, whitish inside,
peristome green, lid like pitcher, lighter below.
Distinguishing
Features:
52. N. sanguinea Lindley (1849)
Malaysia; Moss Forest,
Highland (900 -
1800 m)
Synonym: pumila Griff.
Description: DANSER
367
Stems: climbing; irregularly obtuse, rarely sharply triangular, to .4-
.9
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, amplexicaul, clasping the stem wholly with
rounded lobes; lamina lanceolate-
spathulate:
12 cm x 3 cm to 35 cm x 6 cm; apex obtuse to acute; base cordate; veins: 3-
5,
located in the outer 1/2 of the lamina, pennate veins indistinct, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: ovate or nearly ovate in the lower
part, sub-
cylindrical
or somewhat narrowed in the upper part: 14 cm x 4.5 cm to 30 cm x 9 cm; 2
fimbriate wings present, to 0.4 cm; mouth oblique, elevated, acuminate towards
the lid; peristome flattened, to .15-
.2
cm wide; lid orbicular-
ovate
to ovate, to 2.5 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, glandular towards the midrib,
glandless towards the margin; spur simple or divided into up to 5 branches, to
.3-
.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually or abruptly originating from
tendril, infundibulate towards the base and tubulose towards the mouth or
wholly infundibulate, mostly narrow, rarely wide, often somewhat ventricose
then contracted in the upper part: 15 cm x 3 cm to 24 cm x 7.5 cm; 2 prominent
ribs present; mouth horizontal in front, acuminate and elevated towards lid;
peristome flattened, broader on sides, .2-
1.2
cm broad, to .1-
.5
cm wide; lid broadly ovate-
cordate,
to 4.5-
8
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular, without appendages; spur simple,
inserted.3 cm from lid, to 1-
1.8
cm.
Inflorescence: a coarse raceme, to 55 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 2-
2.5
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: stem almost none from the
beginning, pitchers and young leaves beneath the mid rib, hairy later
glabrous.
Color: pitchers red to light-green or green with red flush
to upper part.
Distinguishing Features: extremely variable
species.
53. N. singalana Beccari (1886)
Sumatra; Highland (2200 -
2600 m)
Synonyms:pectinata Danser, singalana Macf.,
Tamin & Hotta
Description: DANSER 372
Stems: climbing; obtusely or sharply triangular, to .3-
.7
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul
without forming a sheath; lamina lanceolate or spathulate-
lanceolate:
8 cm x 1.5 cm to 16 cm x 3.5 cm; apex obtuse to acute; base attenuate; veins:
3, located in the outer 1/2 to 1/3 of lamina, indistinct, pennate veins
indistinct, irregularly reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: the lower
part infundibulate, attenuate towards the mouth or cylindrical in the upper
part: 7 cm x 2 cm to 8 cm x 2.5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .2-
.3
cm; mouth oblique, incurved to lid; peristome flattened, sometimes elongated
into short neck, to .1-
.3
cm wide; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base cordate, without appendages, almost
glandless towards the margin; spur flattened/truncate or divided into short
branches, to .2-
.3
cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually or abruptly originating from
tendril, lower half infundibulate, mostly ventricose in middle, cylindrical or
slightly narrowed towards the mouth, rarely wholly campanulate-
infundibulate:
7 cm x 2 cm to 20 cm x 5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth horizontal,
incurved to lid; peristome flattened, sometimes elongated into short neck,
expanded to .9 cm near neck, teeth pronounced, to .1-
.15
cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular,
to 2-
4
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid without appendages, almost glandless
towards the margin; spur simple, slightly flattened, inserted close to lid, to
.2-
.3
cm.
Inflorescence: a lateral raceme, to 17 cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1-
1.5
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: sparse on stems, some
ferrugineous tomentum near axils, leaves almost glabrous, inflorescence
hairy.
Color: pitchers light-
green,
violet spotted or not, peristome reddish, lid green or
reddish.
Distinguishing Features:
54. N. spathulata Danser (1935)
Sumatra; Moss Forest,
Highland (2000 m)
Synonyms: dempoensis Hopkins et al.,
singalana Tammin & Hotta
Description: from A. Marshall
(U.C.B.).
Stems: climbing, oval to elliptical, 9mm thick,
internodes 58 to 60 mm long.
Leaves: sessile to slightly petiolate;
spathulate to lanceolate, 17 cm x 6 cm to 24 1/2 cm x 9 cm, apex acuminate,
base obtuse, gradually tapering to the base, clasping the stem, decurrent to
1/3 of the length of the internode; midrib pronounced below, margin entire;
longitudinal veins 3 to 4 on each side located in the outer half of the lamina,
pennate nerves few to absent, running obliquely to the margin.
Lower
Pitchers: ovate in the lower portion, tubulose in the upper part,
hipped, 5 1/4 cm x 2 cm, 1 cm wide in the upper part; with 2 fimbriate wings, 3
mm wide; mouth oblique, broadly ovate, 8 mm x 10 mm; peristome cylindrical to
flattened, narrow in front expanding towards the rear, 2.5 - 3 mm wide; lid
elliptical to orbicular, base reniform, apex rounded, 12 mm x 10.2 mm, sparsely
glandular with no appendages present; spur simple, minute to .5 mm
long.
Upper Pitchers: cylindrical to infundibulate, sometimes
ovate in the lower part, gradually originating from the hanging tendril,
hipped, 2 prominent ribs present, sometimes slightly fimbriate, 8 cm x 2 1/2
cm; mouth oblique, ovate in shape 16 mm x 8 mm; peristome cylindrical to
flattened towards the rear 2 - 5 mm wide, lid ovate, base abrupt, apex rounded,
appendages none, glandular; spur branched to 3 mm.
Inflorescence: a
raceme, 16 1/2 cm to 19 cm long; pedicels 14 to 19 cm long, 2- to 16-
flowers each, bracts present
Indumentum: on traps and tendrils only,
white, minute to .5 mm long
Color: some reddish mottling on inside of
traps, slight dark rusty appearance to area directly under and alongside the
peristome on trap, but not on the peristome, otherwise
green.
Distinguishing Features:
55. N. spectabilis Danser (1928)
Sumatra; Highland (1800 -
2200 m)
Description: DANSER 374
Stems: climbing, to 6 m; to .35-
.7
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile; lamina oblong to spathulate: 8 cm x 3 cm
to 16 cm x 6 cm; apex rounded to acute; base rounded to cordate; veins: 5-
6,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, indistinct, pennate veins indistinct,
irregularly reticulate.
Lower Pitchers:
UNKNOWN
Upper Pitchers: abruptly originating from tendril,
narrowly infundibulate in the lower half, almost tubulose in the upper half: 15
cm x 3.5 cm to 26 cm x 4.5 cm; 2 ribs present with rudiment fringe at top;
mouth oblique, incurved to lid; peristome strongly flattened, expanded to .3-
.6
cm some distance from lid, otherwise to .2-
.3
cm wide; lid orbicular, to 3.5-
6
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular, sometimes deeply keeled midrib;
spur simple, attenuate inserted.5 to 1 cm from lid, to 2
cm.
Inflorescence: a lateral raceme, to 30 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1-
1.2
cm long; bracts present.
Indumentum: stems, tendrils, pitchers red-
brown,
later sparse to none, leaves pubescent on midrib below, glabrous
otherwise.
Color: pitcher light-
green
or somewhat bluish outside, with numerous longitudinal vaiolet brown spots and
stripes, peristome green and dark brown spotted, lid like the pitchers with
smaller spots, inner surface of pitcher pale bluish
green.
Distinguishing Features: differs from N.
sanguinea by the inflorescence.
56. N. stenophylla Masters (1890)
Borneo, Malaysia; Moss
Forest, Highland (600 -
2660 m)
Synonyms: boschiana v. lowii Hook.f.,
faizaliana Adam & Wilc., fallax G.Beck., fucosa
Beckwith, maxima Becc., veitchii End.
Description:
DANSER 376, KURATA 68
Stems: climbing, to 10 m; cylindrical or slightly triangular with 2
wings, to .6-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, with wings, decurrent over
one internode; lamina oblong-
lanceolate:
15 cm x 4 cm to 25 cm x 7 cm; apex acute; base abruptly contracted; veins: 2-
3,
located in the outer 1/4 part, pennate veins irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: cylindrical, slightly ventricose
in the lower part: 10 cm x 3 cm to 18 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present;
mouth orbiculate, oblique; peristome cylindrical, broader near lid, to .2-
.5
cm wide; lid orbicular, to 3-
5
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, with a ventral glandular crest in the basal
part and a glandular boss near the apex; spur simple, inserted .5-
1.5
cm from lid, to .5-
1.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: tubulate in the lower half, infundibulate
in the upper half: 15 cm x 3 cm to 25 cm x 5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present;
mouth orbicular, oblique; peristome cylindrical, broader near lid, to .2-
.7
cm wide; lid orbicular, to 3-
5
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid with a ventral glandular crest in the basal
part and a glandular boss near the apex; spur simple, inserted.5-
1.5
cm from lid, to .5-
1.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 25-
35
cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum:
very dense in young parts, less dense later, spreading long brown hairs, young
pitchers ferrugineous.
Color: leaf blade dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril yellow-
green,
pitcher yellow-
green
with purple blotches or stripes, lid yellow-
green
with purple spots, reddish brown hairs distinct on the stem and the leaf
beneath.
Distinguishing Features: orbicular lid.
57. N. tentaculata Hook. f. (1873)
Borneo, Celebes; Moss
Forest, Highland (240 -
2550 m)
Description: DANSER 380, KURATA 69
Stems: prostrate, rarely climbing, to 2 m; cylindrical in the basal
part, obtusely triangular, to .3-
.5
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, amplexicaul; lamina lanceolate: 5 cm x 1.5
cm to 18 cm x 3 cm; apex acute or rounded; base cordate; veins: 2-
3,
located in the outer 2/3 to 3/5 of lamina, pennate nerves irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: globose in the lower part, coniacl
towards the mouth: 4 cm x 2 cm to 7 cm x 3 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth
ovate, very oblique; peristome cylindrical, ribs indistinct, to .1-
.15
cm wide; lid ovate, to 1-
2
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, with numerous bristles on the upper surface,
without a glandular crest on the lower surface; spur simple, inserted close to
lid.
Upper Pitchers: cylindrical in the upper part, ventricose
in the lower part: 10 cm x 2 cm to 15 cm x 3.5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present;
mouth ovate, very oblique; peristome cylindrical or flattened, ribs indistinct,
to .1-
.3
cm wide; lid ovate, to 1-
2
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid with numerous bristles on the upper
surface, without a glandular crest on the lower surface; spur simple, inserted
close to lid.
Inflorescence: a small raceme, to 7-
10
cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 0.5 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum:
only present in young pitchers and inflorescence, appressed,
stellate.
Color: stem dark-
red
to purple, lamina dark-
green
to purple-
green
above, green below, tendril red -
purple, lower pitcher creamy-
white
to light-
green
with purple blotches, upper pitcher & lid dark-
red
to purple green outside, light-
green
inside, peristome light-
green.
Distinguishing
Features: numerous bristles on upper surface of lid.
58. N. thorelii Lecomte (1909)
Indochina; Moss Forest, Sand
Fields
Cultivars: 'Aglow Koto' 'Felicitous Koto'
Stems: climbing; narrow.
Leaves: sessile, decurrent;
lamina linear-
lanceolate.
Lower
Pitchers: ventricose in the lower part, tubulose in the upper part, but
contracted from the middle to the mouth; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth
oblique, elevated to neck; peristome cylindrical to flattened; lid ovate, apex
acute, base attenuate, slightly vaulted.
Upper Pitchers:
infundibulate in the lower part, then slightly ventricose, then tubular in the
upper part; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth oblique, elevated to neck;
peristome cylindrical to flattened; lid orbicular-
ovate,
apex acute, base attenuate, lid slightly vaulted.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:not present.
Color: tendril reddish-
yellow,
pitchers green to reddish, peristome red.
Distinguishing
Features:
59. N. tobaica Danser (1928)
Sumatra; Moss Forest, Highland
(910 -
1550 m)
Description: DANSER 382
Stems: climbing, to 5 m; cylindrical to obtusely triangular the
internodes -
7 cm long, to .1-
.3
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul,
reflexed; lamina linear: 5 cm x 0.6 cm to 12 cm x 1.5 cm; margins involute;
apex acute; base rounded; veins: 0-
2,
located in the outer part of the lamina, nerves mostly
invisible.
Lower Pitchers: the basal part infundibulate, then
ventricose, narrowed in the middle to 1/2 or 2/3 of its width, infundibulate
towards the mouth, the mouth as wide as the ventricose part: 4.5 cm x 1.5 cm to
9 cm x 2.5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to 0.15 cm; mouth nearly round, acute
to lid; peristome cylindrical, ribs indistinct, inner margin almost entire, to
.05-
.1
cm wide; lid orbicular to elliptic, apex rounded, base cordate, glandular; spur
filiform, inserted close to lid, to 0.3 cm.
Upper Pitchers:
the basal part infundibulate, then ventricose, narrowed in the middle to 1/2 or
2/3 of its width, infundibulate towards the mouth, the mouth as wide as the
ventricose part: 4.5 cm x 1.5 cm to 9 cm x 2.5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present;
mouth nearly round, acute to lid; peristome cylindrical, ribs indistinct, inner
margin almost entire, to .05-
.1
cm wide; lid orbicular to elliptic, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular;
spur filiform, inserted close to lid, to 0.3 cm.
Inflorescence: a
raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1.5 cm long; bracts not
present.
Indumentum: stellate tomentose on the very young pitcher,
tendrils, axils, sometimes on the midrib of the leaves.
Color: stems
light-
green
to dark-
brown,
leaves green or light-
green
above, paler beneath, yellowish-
brown
towards apex, as is tendril, pitchers light-
green
or yellowish-
green
with red points or more red, rarely almost wholly green, staminal column light-
green.
Distinguishing Features:
60. N. tomoriana Danser (1928)
Celebes; Moss
Forest
Description: DANSER 386
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .3-
.5
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile or indistinctly petioled, semi-
amplexicaul
without sheath; lamina lanceolate, not decurrent: 10 cm x 2 cm to 20 cm x 4 cm;
apex sub-
obtuse;
base cordate; veins: 3-
5,
located in the outer part of the lamina, outer ones ending not far from the
origin of the inner.
Lower Pitchers: ovate in the lower part then
tubulose, contracted in the upper part; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth
oblique, slightly incurved; peristome cylindrical; lid orbicular, apex rounded,
base cordate.
Upper Pitchers: gradually originating from tendril,
infundibulate at base, slightly ventricose at 1/3 its height, first somewhat
narrowed, then dilated towards mouth: 9 cm x 2 cm to 13 cm x 3 cm; 2 prominent
ribs present; mouth oblique, slightly incurved; peristome cylindrical, to .5-
1.5
cm wide; lid orbicular, to 2.5-
3
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid glandular, without appendages; spur simple,
only slightly incised, flattened, to 0.2 cm.
Inflorescence: a narrow
panicle, to 45 cm; pedicels 2-
5
flowered, 1 cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: stems & leaves
almost none from the beginning, tendrils slightly appressedly brown tomentose,
later glabrous.
Color: UNKNOWN.
Distinguishing
Features: indistinct petiole, less abundant indumentum, more veins,
thicker leaves, unwinged pitchers.
61. N. treubiana Warb. (1891)
Sumatra, New Guinea; Moss
Forest, Sand Fields (Sea Level)
Synonyms: boschiana Miq.,
boschiana v. sumatrana Miq., maxima v. sumatrana Becc.,
spinosa T. & Hotta, sumatrana (Miq)G.Beck.
Description: DANSER 387, JEBB 43
Stems: climbing; cylindrical in the lower part, becoming triangular,
to 1.3 cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, winged, decurrent,
running down the stem; lamina lanceolate, coriaceous: 17 cm x 5 cm to 35 cm x 7
cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 3-
7,
located in the outer 2/3 of lamina, pennate nerves numerous reticulate in outer
part.
Lower Pitchers: urceolate-
globose,
small: 5 cm x 4 cm to 6 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to 1 cm; peristome
rounded, to 1.5 cm wide; lid orbicular, to 8 cm, apex rounded, base cordate,
glandular; spur simple, to 0.5 cm.
Upper Pitchers:
infundibulate below, widest at 3/4 length and narrow towards mouth, strongly
curved: 15 cm x 5 cm to 23 cm x 8 cm; 2 ribs present, with wings here and
there, to 1 cm wide; mouth horizontal in front, elevated to lid; peristome
rounded, to 0.9 cm wide; lid orbicular, to 8 cm, apex rounded, base cordate,
lid obtusely keeled by basal fold, glandular, glands larger towards basal part
of midrib; spur simple, narrow and flat, inserted close to lid, to .5-
1
cm.
Inflorescence: a dense raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 2.5
cm long.
Indumentum: generally sparse, but dense beneath blade
margin.
Color: pitchers red
Distinguishing Features:
strongly curved upper pitchers
62. N. truncata Macfarlane (1911)
Philippines; Moss
Forest
Synonym: megamphora Merr. & Quis.
Stems:
climbing.
Leaves: petiolate; lamina oblong; apex emarginate; base
abruptly contracted.
Lower Pitchers: tubulose, slightly
contracted from base to mouth; mouth oblique; peristome cylindrical to
flattened; lid ovate, apex rounded, base rounded, lid keeled; spur
simple.
Upper Pitchers: abruptly originating from tendril,
broadly rounded in the lower part, slightly contracted, and then tubulose to
narrowly infundibulate in the upper part; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth
oblique; peristome expanded, undulate along external margin, narrower at front,
elongated into neck, to 1-
3.5
cm wide; lid elliptic-
ovate,
apex rounded, base rounded, lid keeled.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: coarse, ferrugineous.
Color: leaves dark
green, sometimes with flecks of red, pitchers green to reddish green, peristome
green to red, lid like pitcher.
Distinguishing Features:
63. N. veitchii Hook. f. (1859)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Lowland
& Highland (100 -
1200
m)
Synonyms: lanata Mast. & Lindl., sanguinea
Mast.
Description: DANSER 392
Stems: not climbing, or epiphytic, to 1 m; flattened, elliptical
with or without 2 decurent wings, to cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate,
canaliculate, amplexicaul with flattened sheath, rarely decurrent; lamina
narrow cuneate or spathulate, lanceolate: 16 cm x 4 cm to 25 cm x 10 cm; apex
acute to emarginate; base rounded or tapering; veins: 3-4, located in the outer
1/3 to 1/2 of lamina, pennate veins irregularly reticulate.
Lower
Pitchers: gradually originating from petiole, campanulate-
infundibulate
in the lower part, widest at or somewhat below the middle, slightly narrowed
towards the mouth: 15 cm x 4 cm to 28 cm x 10 cm; 2 widely fimbriate wings
present, to .4-
1.4
cm; mouth incurved and acuminate; peristome expanded 1-
6
cm broad towards lid, elongated into short neck, to .4-
1.5
cm wide; lid narrowly ovate, to .3-
.9
cm, apex obtuse, base cordate, much smaller than the mouth, with a laterally
flattened appendage near the apex, glandular; spur simple, inserted few mm from
lid, to .5-
1
cm.
Upper Pitchers: smaller, campanulate-
infundibulate,
widest near mouth: to 17 cm x 4.5 cm; 2 wings present, not as wide below, to
0.5 cm wide; mouth incurved & acuminate; peristome expanded 1-
6
cm broad towards lid, elongated into short neck, to .4-
1.4
cm wide; lid narrowly ovate, to .3-
.9
cm, apex obtuse, base cordate, lid much smaller than the mouth, with a
laterally flattened appendage near the apex, glandular; spur simple, inserted
few mm from lid, to .5-
1
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 40 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1-
1.2
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: long, hirsute spreading,
young stems dense, leaves glabrous above except midrib, tendril, young pitchers
also.
Color: pitchers light green to yellow, yellowish red, peristome
yellow to yellowish red with red stripes.
Distinguishing
Features: clasping leaves.
64. N. ventricosa Blanco (1837)
Philippines; Moss Forest,
Highland (1700 m)
Description: in brackets from A. Marshall
Stems:climbing; cylindrical, (to elliptical 7 1/2 mm thick, rosettes
present).
Leaves: sessile, amplexicaul, (decurrent to next
internode); lamina linear-lanceolate, (10 cm x 2 1/2 cm to 18 1/2 cm x 2 1/5
cm), apex obtuse to contracted; longitudinal veins (obscure, 2 - 4), 5 - 6
located in the outer half of the lamina, (pennate nerves absent).
Lower Pitchers:ventricose in the lower part, strongly
contracted in the middle, then infundibulate, the mouth as wide as the
ventricose part (4 1/2 cm x 1 1/2 cm - 6 cm x 2 cm) ; 2 prominent ribs present;
mouth transverse; peristome cylindrical, expanded; lid ovate,(glandular, with
no appendages), apex obtuse, (base slightly cordate, sometimes emarginate), lid
slightly keeled, with 3-4 veins; (spur simple or branched to 3 mm
long).
Upper Pitchers: ventricose in the lower part, strongly
contracted in the middle, then infundibulate, the mouth as wide as the
ventricose part, (6 cm x 2 cm); 2 prominent ribs present; mouth transverse;
peristome cylindrical, expanded; lid ovate, apex obtuse, base attenuate, lid
slightly keeled, (glandular with no appendages), with 3-4 veins, (spur
simple).
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: scarce,
reddish, minute, present on traps and tendrils only.
Color: pitchers
reddish green, peristome red, extremely variable, tendril usually always
red.
Distinguishing Features: 3-4 veins on lid, mouth
transverse.
65. N. viellardii Hook. f. (1873)
New Guinea, New Caledonia;
Moss Forest, Highland (1460 -
3520 m)
Synonyms: bongso Guill., distillatoria Jeann.,
humilus S.Moore., montrouzieri Dub., neocaledonica Muel.
& Hec.
Description: DANSER 395, JEBB 45
Stems: climbing or erect; cylindrical or somewhat angular, often
greatly contracted, to 0.6 cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, decurrent to 2
cm down stem, coriaceous; lamina lanceolate, to somewhat spathulate: 5 cm x 1
cm to 20 cm x 4 cm; apex acute; base decurrent; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/3 -
1/4 of lamina, Pennate nerves branched irregularly, forming irregular
network.
Lower Pitchers: ovoid to campanulate: 4 cm x 1 cm to
11 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate wings, to 0.8 cm; mouth oblique; peristome
cylindrical or flattened, to 0.5 cm wide; lid orbicular, to 4 cm, apex rounded,
base rounded, glandular; spur simple, inserted close to lid, to 0.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate in lower part, becoming
ventricose, somewhat narrowed in middle and infundibulate towards mouth: 4 cm x
1 cm to 12 cm x 5 cm; wings not present; mouth oblique, acute towards lid;
peristome cylindrical or flattened, to 0.4 cm wide; lid orbicular to
elliptical, to 4 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid glandular; spur simple,
inserted close to lid, to 0.5 cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 20 cm;
pedicels 1 flowered, 1.5 cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum:
variable, sparse to frequent on new growth and inflorescence, very short and
tomentose.
Color: UNKNOWN.
Distinguishing Features:
small narrow leaves with decurrent bases.
66. N. villosa Hook. f. (1852)
Borneo; Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland (2340 -
3240 m)
Synonym: edwardsiana v. macrophylla
Description: DANSER 397, KURATA 73
Stems:
prostrate; cylindrical to obtusely or irregularly angled, to .6-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, winged, amplexicaul;
lamina elliptic or oblong: 10 cm x 5 cm to 20 cm x 10 cm; margins hirsute; apex
emarginate or cordate; base abruptly contracted; veins: 1-
3,
located in the outer 1/3 to 1/4 of the lamina, pennate nerves indistinct,
irregularly reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: globose or
ellipsoidal: 5 cm x 5 cm to 15 cm x 12 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .5-
1.2
cm; mouth orbiculate, horizontal in the front, elevated towards lid; peristome
cylindrical, ribs very coarse, teeth on the inner margin 1-
3x
as long as broad, to .6-
1.2
cm wide; lid cordate or reniform, to .5-
1
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, without a ventral glandular crest; spur simple,
inserted close to lid, to 1 cm.
Upper Pitchers: ovate to
infundibulate: 10 cm x 5 cm to 18 cm x 12 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .5-
1.2
cm wide; mouth orbiculate, horizontal in the front, elevated towards the lid;
peristome cylindrical, ribs very coarse, teeth on the inner margin 1-
3x
as long as broad, to .6-1.2 cm wide; lid cordate or reniform, to .5-
1
cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid without a ventral glandular crest; spur
simple, inserted close to lid, to 1 cm.
Inflorescence: a long raceme,
to 40-
60
cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1-
1.5
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: entire plant covered with
reddish brown hairs.
Color: leaf blade light-
green,
yellow-
green
below, tendril yellow-
green,
pitcher yellow or yellow-
green,
often tinged with scarlet outside, peristome yellow-
green,
often tinged with scarlet, lid yellow-
green,
often scarlet on upper side.
Distinguishing Features: the
pitcher is short and ovate and reddish brown hairs are found on all parts of
the plant.
DUBIOUS OR NEWLY DESCRIBED SPECIES:
N. aristolochioides (1994)
Sumatra; Moss Forest, Highland
N. borneensis Adam & Wilcock (1989)
Borneo;
Highland
Stems: climbing; robust.
Leaves:
sessile.
Lower Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers:infundibulate; peristome expanded.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features: Probably a form of N. gymnamphora.
N. burkei Masters (1889)
Philippines; Moss Forest, Limestone
Hills
Stems: climbing, cylindrical.
Leaves: sessile,
amplexicaul, slightly decurrent; lamina linear-
lanceolate;
veins 5-6.
Lower Pitchers:UNKNOWN
Upper
Pitchers: globose in the lower part, strongly contracted in the center
part, infundibulate in the upper part, slightly contracted at the mouth; to 12
cm x 6 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth ovate to oblique; peristome
cylindrical, somewhat expanded, ribbed, to 1 cm wide; lid ovate, to 4 cm, apex
rounded, base attenuate; lidhas 6-7 longitudinal
veins.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color: pitchers green to reddish green,
with red flecks, peristome yellow to red.
Distinguishing
Features: 6-7 veins on the lid, mouth more oblique. Probably a form (or
hybrid) of N. ventricosa.
N. danseri Waigeo & Halmahera
(1994)
Sumatra;
Stems: not coarse.
Leaves:
petiolate, lanceolate
Lower Pitchers:
Upper
Pitchers:peristome narrow, cylindrical.
Inflorescence: a
panicle.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features:
N. diatas (1994)
Sumatra; Moss Forest,
Highland
Stems:
Leaves: sessile.
Lower
Pitchers:
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate; peristome
expanded.
Inflorescence:
Indumentum:
Color:
istinguishing
Features:
N. x dubia Danser (1928)
Sumatra; Moss Forest, Highland (1900
m)
Synonym: bongso Tamin & Hotta
Description:
DANSER 285
Stems: climbing; cylindrical to slightly angular, to .3-
.4
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, clasping the stem without sheath; lamina
lanceolate-
spathulate:
6 cm x 1.2 cm to 10 cm x 1.8 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 3, located
in the outer part of lamina, pennate veins indistinct, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: UNKNOWN
Upper
Pitchers: gradually originating from the tendril, tubulose or slightly
ventricose in the lower part, infundibulate above the middle: 4 cm x .8 cm to 8
cm x 3 cm; 2 indistinct ribs present; mouth ovate, acute towards lid; peristome
flattened, involute at the outer margin, to .4 cm wide; lid narrowly cuneate,
to 4x.7 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid glandular; spur filiform, inserted
close to lid, to .3-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: very sparse,
tomentum on the stems above the axils, a dense brown appresed pubescence on
young pitchers.
Color: UNKNOWN.
Distinguishing
Features: broad flat peristome and lid not so narrow as N.
inermis. This hybrid is sometimes considered a species.
N. edwardsiana Hook. f. (1859)
Borneo; Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland (1500 -
2700 m)
Synonym: edgeworthii Rchb.f.
Description:
KURATA 44
Stems: climbing, to 15 m; cylindrical, to .5-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, with wings forming a short sheath at the
base; lamina oblong-
lanceolate:
15 cm x 4 cm to 20 cm x 6 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 2-
3,
located in the outer 1/2 of the lamina,.
Lower Pitchers:
UNKOWN
Upper Pitchers: cylindrical in the upper 3/4 part,
ovate in the lower: 10 cm x 2.5 cm to 35 cm x 7 cm; 2 prominent ribs present;
peristome cylindrical, with ribs very coarse, 3-
9
mm apart, 4-
6
mm long, teeth of the inner margin.5-
1x
as long as wide, to .6-
1.2
cm wide; lid orbicular, to .3-
.8
cm, apex rounded, base slightly cordate, lid without a glandular crest; spur
simple, inserted close to lid, to 1 cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 30-
40
cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1.5-
2
cm long.
Indumentum: short hairs covering most parts of
plant.
Color: leaf blade light-
green
above, yellow-
green
below, tendril yellow-
green,
sometimes tinged with scarlet, peristome yellow-
green,
lid yellow or yellow-
green.
Distinguishing
Features: strongly ribbed peristome with more cylindrical pitcher.
Probably a form of N. villosa.
N. eymae Kurata (1984)
Borneo, Celebes; Moss Forest, Highland
(1500 m)
Synonym: infundibuliformis Turnb. & Middl.
Stems: climbing, to 10 m; cylindrical, to .4-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, narrow wings forming an
amplexicaul sheath; lamina spathulate to lanceolate: to 15 cm x 5 cm; apex
rounded; base attenuate.
Lower Pitchers: tubulose: to 15 cm x
3 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present; mouth ovate, oblique, elev ated towards the
lid; peristome cylindrical, to .4-
.8
cm wide; lid inclined, triangular, apex obtuse, base attenuate, with a hook-
shaped
glandular appendage near the base, and a filiform 'tooth' at the
apex.
Upper Pitchers: very small, infundibulate, slightly
contracted at the mouth; wings or ribs not present; mouth nearly round;
peristome narrow, flattened; lid inclined, narrowly triangular, apex obtuse,
base attenuate, lid with a hook-
shaped
glandular appendage near the base, margin undulate; spur simple, inserted near
lid.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: pitchers
fuzzy.
Color: lower pitcher yellowish brown with red-brown splotches,
upper pitchers yellow-green, peristome striped in the forefront, darkening to a
reddish-
brown.
Distinguishing
Features: Probably a form of N. maxima.
N. x hookeriana (Lindley) Macfarlane ((1848) 1908)
Malaysia,
Sumatra, Borneo; Moss Forest (Sea Level -
1000 m)
Synonyms: elongata G.Beck & Macf., hookeri
Alphand, Hookeriana Elongata Wilson, Hybrida Elongata G.Beck.,
loddigesii W.Baxt., rafflesiana v. excelsior G. Beck.,
rafflesiana v. hookeriana Becc.
Description: DANSER 311,
KURATA 36
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .5-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, winged and clasping stem in a semi-
amplexicaul
sheath; lamina lanceolate to spathulate: 15 cm x 4 cm to 35 cm x 6 cm; apex
acute to accuminate; base attenuate; veins: 2-
5,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate veins numerous.
Lower
Pitchers: obliquely urceolate, shortly incurved and abruptly widened
from the tendril, the lid side strongly curved, the other side straight: 4 cm x
cm to 8 cm x cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to 1-
1.5
cm; mouth horiz, incurved to lid; peristome interior part flat, outer part
involute, elongated into short neck up to 1 cm long, to 1 cm wide; lid elliptic-
oblong,
to 2.5-
5
cm, apex emarginate, base cordate, glandular, without appendage or keel; spur
simple, inserted close to lid, to .5-
1.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually or abruptly originating from
tendril, infundibulate, slightly contracted under the mouth: 8 cm x 3 cm to 13
cm x 4 cm; 2 ribs present, rarely with 2 fringed wings, to 0.2 cm wide; mouth
oblique, elevated into neck; peristome interior part flat, outer part involute,
the teeth of the inner margin 3 x as long as they are broad, to 1-
1.5
cm wide; lid elliptic-
oblong,
apex emarginate, base rounded, lid glandular; spur simple, inserted close to
lid, to 1 cm.
Inflorescence: a cylindrical raceme; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1.5-
2
cm long; bracts filiform or not.
Indumentum: densely tomentose on
young parts, later partly persistant or wholly
deciduous
Color:
Distinguishing Features: This
hybrid is sometimes considered a species.
N. junghunii Ridley (1917)
Sumatra; Moss Forest, Highland
Description: DANSER 371
Stems: climbing;
irregularly obtuse, rarely sharply triangular, to .4-
.9
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul,
clasping the stem; lamina lanceolate to lanceolate-
spathulate:
to 10 cm x 3.5 cm; apex obtuse to acute; base slightly cordate; veins: 3-
5,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate nerves indistinct, irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: basal part infundibulate,
attenuate to the mouth or cylindrical in the upper part: 7 cm x 2 cm to 8 cm x
2.5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .2-
.3
cm; mouth oblique, incurved towards the lid; peristome flattened, toothed inner
margin, to .1-
.3
cm wide; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base slightly cordate, glandular, without
appendages; spur flattened, truncate, or divided into short branches, to .2-
.3
cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually or abruptly originating from
tendril, the lower half infundibulate, mostly ventricose in the middle,
cylindrical or slightly narrowed towards the mouth: 7 cm x 2 cm to 20 cm x 5
cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth oblique, incurved towards the lid;
peristome flattened, to .9 cm near lid, toothed inner margin, to .1-
.15
cm wide; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base slightly cordate, lid glandular,
without appendages; spur simple, slightly flattened, inserted close to lid, to
.2-
.3
cm.
Inflorescence: a lateral raceme, to 17 cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1-
1.5
cm long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: mostly
sparse.
Color:
Distinguishing Features: seemingly
intermediate between N. sanguinea and N. singalana. Probably a
hybrid, sometimes considered to be a species.
N. x kinabaluensis Kurata (1976)
Borneo; Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland (2300 -
2600 m)
Description: KURATA 64
Stems: prostrate; cylindrical, to 1.5-
3
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, distinctly winged, amplexicaul; lamina
elliptic or oblong: 20 cm x 10 cm to 45 cm x 15 cm; margins hirsute; apex
peltate; base abruptly contracted; veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate nerves irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: ellipsoidal: 15 cm x 10 cm to 35
cm x 18 cm; 2 fimbriate wings present, to .6-
1.5
cm; mouth elliptic, very oblique; peristome distinctly expanded, coarsely
ribbed and wavy at outer margin, to 1-
5
cm wide; lid orbiculate-
reniform,
flat, to 15 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, midrib distinctly keeled in the
basal part, without glandular crest; spur simple, inserted close to
lid.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulste, abruptly contracted from
the mouth towards the base: 15 cm x 10 cm to 35 cm x 18 cm; 2 fimbriate wings
present, to .6-
1.5
cm wide; mouth elliptic, very oblique; peristome coarse and expanded at the
outer margin, to 1-
5
cm wide; lid orbiculate-
reniform,
flat, to 15 cm, apex rounded, base cordate, lid midrib distinctly keeled in the
basal part, without glandular crest; spur simple, inserted close to
lid.
Inflorescence: a long raceme, to 50-
80
cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 2-
3
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: entire plant covered with
reddish brown hairs.
Color: leaf blade dark-
green
above, light-
green
below, tendril light-
green,
sometimes purplish near pitcher, pitcher scarlet to purple, peristome purple to
dark-
red,
lid scarlet to purple outside, yellow-
green
inside.
Distinguishing Features: similar to N. rajah,
but flatter lid and coarser ribs to peristome, coarser indumentum. This hybrid
is sometimes considered to be a species.
N. leptochila Danser (1928)
Borneo; Rain Forest, Highland (500 -
825 m)
Description: DANSER 319
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .3-
.5
cm thick.
Leaves: almost petiolate, narrowly winged, semi-
amplexicaul
sheath; lamina obovate-
lanceolate:
15 cm x 2.5 cm to 25 cm x 5.5 cm; margins ciliate; apex obtuse or rounded; base
attenuate; veins: 5, located in the outer 2/3 of lamina, pennate veins delicate
but distinct, reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: globose or ovate in
the basal part, the rest tubulose, rarely ventricose in the lower part or
narrowly infundibulate over the whole length: 7 cm x 2.5 cm to 8 cm x 3 cm; 2
fimbriate wings present, to 0.4 cm; mouth oblique, no neck; peristome
cylindrical, sometimes slightly flattened, to .1-
.15
cm wide; lid broadly elliptical, flat, to 1 cm, apex rounded, base rounded,
glandular.
Upper Pitchers: infundibulate in the basal part,
the rest tubulose, almost straight on the back side, curved on the winged side,
rarely ventricose, in the lower part or narrowly infundibulate over the whole
length:to 9 cm x 2.5 cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth oblique, no neck;
peristome cylindrical to slightly flattened, to .1-
.15
cm wide; lid orbicular-
ovate,
flat, to 1 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid
glandular.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: sparse,
upper leaves glabrous.
Color: pitcher light-
green
with red flecks.
Distinguishing Features: narrower peristome
and differing sheath than N. macrovulgaris. Probably a form of N.
hirsuta.
N. longifolia Nerz & Wistuba (1995)
Sumatra; Highland
(1000 m)
Stems: climbing, to 10 m; cylindrical, to .5-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, decurrent into 2 wings clasping the
stem; lamina lanceolate to lanceolate-
spathulate:
30 cm x 4 cm to 50 cm x 5 cm; margins hirsute; apex obtuse; base attenuate;
veins: 3-
4,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate veins numerous, indistinct,
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: ventricose in the lower part,
cylindrical in the upper part: 4 cm x 10 cm to 5 cm x 12 cm; 2 fimbriate wings
present, to .3-
.4
cm; mouth oblique, and raised to lid; peristome flattened, distinctly raised
and slightly crumpled in front, to 0.6 cm wide; lid orbicular, to 2-
3
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, glandular towards midrib; spur simple, to 1
cm.
Upper Pitchers: narrowly infundibulate in the lower part,
tubulose in the upper part: 18 cm x 2.5 cm to 25 cm x 3.5 cm; 2 ribs prominent
present; mouth oblique, elevated to lid; peristome flattened, distinctly raised
and crumpled in front with 3 prominent folds, interior margin entire, to 0.6 cm
wide; lid orbicular, to 2-
3
cm, apex, base rounded, lid glandular towards midrib; spur simple, to 1
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 32 cm; pedicels 2 flowered, 1-
1.2
cm long; bracts not present.
Indumentum: sparse with stellate
hairs.
Color: leaves green, margins with red hairs, underside
sometimes reddish, leaves of the rosette often with red midrib, lower pitchers
brownish red, peristome usually green to red-
green,
inside of pitcher pale green, lid red, climbing pitcher light-
green.
Distinguishing
Features:
N. macrophylla Marabini (1994)
Borneo; Ultra-
basic
Soil, Highland
SYNONYM: N. edwardsiana subsp.
macrophylla
Stems:
Leaves:
Lower
Pitchers:
Upper Pitchers:
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features: Probably a form of N. villosa.
N. mapuluensis Adam & Wilcock (1990)
Borneo; Highland
Stems: robust.
Leaves: sessile.
Lower
Pitchers:
Upper Pitchers:
infundibulate.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum:
Color:
Distinguishing
Features:
N. neglecta Macfarlane (1908)
Borneo: EXTINCT; Moss
Forest (Sea Level)
Description: DANSER 340
Stems: climbing; triangular, to .4-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, clasping the stem, not decurrent; lamina
obovate-
lanceolate:
18 cm x 3 cm to 25 cm x 4 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 5-
6,
located in the greatest part of the lamina,.
Lower Pitchers:
UNKNOWN
Upper Pitchers: almost tubulose, gradually widened
towards the mouth: 10 cm x 2.5 cm to 12 cm x 3 cm; 2 prominent ribs or wings
present; mouth oblique, nearly round; peristome cylindrical, delicately ribbed,
to .2-
.3
cm wide; lid suborbicular, to 3-
3.5
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid with a few large irregularly scattered
glands on lower surface; spur simple, to .4-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum: young parts brown-
velvety,
only more or less pubescent when adult, leaves glabrous above, except
midrib.
Color:
Distinguishing Features: Probably a
form of N. hirsuta.
N. ovata Nerz & Wistuba (1995)
Sumatra; Moss Forest,
Highland (1800 m)
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, internodes 4-
15
cm long, to .4-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile to broadly petiolate; lamina lanceolate-
spathulate:
5 cm x 2 cm to 12 cm x 3 cm; apex acute; base attenuate; veins: 3, located in
the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate veins indistinct.
Lower
Pitchers: abruptly originating from tendril, ovate, infundibulate in
lower part, widest at mouth, slightly narrowed below mouth, with 14-
18
longitudinal nerves: 10 cm x 5 cm to 25 cm x 9 cm; 2 ribs or fimbriate wings
present, to .2-
.5
cm; mouth oblique, incurved towards the neck; peristome expanded sometimes up
to 4 cm broad towards lid, teeth at inner margin, to .3-
2.5
cm wide; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base rounded, the midrib expanded into
laterally flattened, glandular, claw shaped crest up to .5 cm at the midrib,
sometimes without in younger; spur branched, to 0.5 cm.
Upper
Pitchers: abruptly originating from tendril, usually tubulose-
infundibulate:
12 cm x 5 cm to 18 cm x 6 cm; 2 ribs present; mouth oblique, incurvedtowards
the neck; peristome expanded sometimes up to 4 cm broad towards lid, teeth at
inner margin; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base rounded, the midrib expanded
into laterally flattened, glandular, claw shaped crest up to .5 cm at the
midrib, sometimes without in younger; spur branched, to 0.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 9 cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 0.5 cm
long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: sparse with non-
branched
hairs.
Color: lower pitchers green, older pitchers suffused with red,
rim dark red, sometimes striped with green, upper pitchers yellow, rim red with
yellow stripes.
Distinguishing Features: peristome incurved,
lid inserted above mouth, claw-
like
crest at midrib of lid.
N. pilosa Danser (1928)
Borneo; Moss Forest, Highland (1200 -
1800 m)
Description: DANSER 355
Stems: climbing; cylindrical, to .6-
.9
cm thick.
Leaves: petiolate, canaliculate, decurrent, forming an
amplexicaul sheath; lamina lanceolate to obovate-
lanceolate:
10 cm x 4.5 cm to 30 cm x 7 cm; apex rounded or acuminate; base attenuate-
cuneate;
veins: 4-
5,
located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate nerves indistinct, irregularly
reticlate.
Lower Pitchers: ovate in the lower part,
cylindrical towards the mouth: 10 cm x 3 cm to 10 cm x 4 cm; 2 ribs with
branched wing present; mouth oblique, incurved, acute to lid; peristome
flattened, to .4-
.7
cm wide; lid orbicular, apex rounded, base subcordate, glandular, glands
smaller and more numerous towards margin, larger and less numerous towards
keel.
Upper Pitchers: gradually originating from the tendril,
widely infundibulate: 8 cm x 18 cm to 12 cm x 28 cm; 2 prominent ribs present;
mouth ovate, prolonged to neck; peristome flattened, incurved into .3-
.5
cm neck, to 1.2 cm wide; lid sub-
orbicular,
apex rounded, base cordate; lid with a laterally flattened, strongly hooked
boss on the underside at the base.
Inflorescence: a
raceme.
Indumentum: golden fur covers the stems and underside of the
leaves, pitchers are covered in pale green fur.
Color: leaves and
pitchers are pale green
Distinguishing Features: Pale green
furry pitchers up to 28 cm long, with a strongly hooked boss. Probably a form
of N. burbidgeae.
N. talagensis Nerz & Wistuba (1995)
Sumatra; Highland (2200-
2600 m)
Stems: forming rosettes, rarely climbing, to 3 m;
cylindrical to obtusely angular, internodes .5-
1
cm long, to .6-
1
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, thick coriaceous, clasping the stem, not
decurrent; lamina lanceolate-
spathulate:
10 cm x 3 cm to 15 cm x 3 cm; margins hirsute; apex acute or obtuse; base
attenuate; veins: 10-
15,
located in the outer 1/3 of the lamina, pennate veins irregularly
reticulate.
Lower Pitchers: widely infundibulate, somewhat
contracted towards the mouth: 8 cm x 3 cm to 12 cm x 5 cm; 2 fimbriate wings
present, to .2-
.5
cm; mouth horizontal in the front, elevated to form neck; peristome flattened,
the teeth of the inner margin 2-
3
times as long as broad, to .8-
1.5
cm wide; lid broadly ovate, undulate, apex obtuse, base rounded, lower surface
glandular near the midrib, without appendage, three prominent nerves on each
side of midrib; spur broad, branched, flattened, inserted near lid, to .2-
.5
cm.
Upper Pitchers: tubulous to narrowly infundibulate in the
lower part, ovate in the upper, somewhat contracted below the mouth: 8 cm x 3
cm to 12 cm x 5 cm; 2 ribs present, with vestigial wings; mouth horizontal in
the front, elevated to form neck; peristome flattened, to .8-
1.5
cm wide; lid broadly ovate, undulate, apex obtuse, base rounded, lid lower
surface glandular near the midrib, without appendage, three prominent nerves on
each side of midrib; spur broad, branched, flattened, inserted near lid, to .2-
.5
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme, to 13 cm; pedicels 1 flowered, 1 cm
long; bracts filiform.
Indumentum: very sparse with unbranching
hairs.
Color: light-
green,
leaves with white hairs at margins, pitchers yellowish white with numerous dark
red spots, peristome yellow or red, lid yellowish-
white
with numerous red spots.
Distinguishing Features:
N. tenuis Nerz & Wistuba (1995)
Sumatra; Highland (1000
m)
Stems: climbing; angular to rhomboid, internodes 5-
6.5
cm long, to .2-
.3
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, clasping the stem without sheath, thin
coriaceous; lamina lanceolate: 5 cm x 1 cm to 6 cm x 1.5 cm; apex acute; base
attenuate; veins: 3, located in the outer 1/3 of lamina, pennate veins oblique,
irregularly reticulate.
Lower Pitchers:
UNKNOWN
Upper Pitchers: gradually originating from tendril,
widely infundibulate, contracted near mouth: 2.5 cm x 1.5 cm to 4.5 cm x 2.5
cm; 2 prominent ribs present; mouth ovate, almost horizontal; peristome
flattened, to 0.6 cm wide; lid narrow-
elliptic,
to 2x.8 cm, apex rounded, base attenuate, lid with 2 prominent nerves one on
each side of midrib, glandular; spur simple, inserted close to lid, to 0.1
cm.
Inflorescence: a raceme.
Indumentum:
sparse.
Color: pitchers with red-
brown
dots, peristome dark red-
brownish.
Distinguishing
Features:
N. Trichocarpa Miq. (1855)
Borneo, Malaysia, Sumatra; Rain
Forest (Sea Level -
700 m)
Description: DANSER 390
Stems: climbing;
cylindrical to obtusely triangular, often forming sessile rosettes, to .4-
.6
cm thick.
Leaves: sessile, semi-
amplexicaul,
rarely decurrent; lamina lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate:
10 cm x 1.5 cm to 20 cm x 3.5 cm; apex acute or rounded; base cordate; veins:
4, located in the outer 1/2 of lamina, pennate nerves distinct,
numerous.
Lower Pitchers: ovate: to 8 cm x 4 cm; 2 fimbriate
wings present, to 0.3 cm; mouth oblique, acute to lid; peristome cylindrical,
slightly flattened, to .1-
.15
cm wide; lid elliptic, to 2.5 cm, apex rounded, base rounded, without
appendage, somewhat glandular; spur filiform, flattened, inserted close to lid,
to 0.3 cm.
Upper Pitchers: gradually or abruptly originating
from tendril, campanulate-
infundibulate,
somewhat contracted towards the mouth: 6 cm x 2 cm to 10 cm x 4.5 cm; 2
prominent ribs present; mouth nearly round, acute to lid; peristome flattened-
cylindrical,
to .15-
.3
cm wide; lid orbicular-
elliptic
to obovate, to 1.5-
3.
cm, apex rounded, base rounded, lid without appendage, somewhat glandular; spur
filiform, flattened, inserted close to lid, to 0.3 cm.
Inflorescence:
a raceme, to 22 cm; pedicels 1-
2
flowered, 1.5-
2
cm long.
Indumentum: almost none, only on midribs and young tendrils,
stem near the axis and young pitchers, almost glabrous later.
Color:
pitchers green, spotted or striped with red or not.
Distinguishing
Features: different venation from N. gracilis, this hybrid is
sometimes considered to be a species.
Geographical Location
AUSTRALIA: 1 species
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
BORNEO: 29 species
2. N. alata Blanco (Vulg) PSMMo R-A
3. N. albomarginata Lob&Lnd. (Vulg) MS R
4. N. ampullaria Jack (Urce) MSN R
7. N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (Urce) M
9. N. boschiana Korth. (Regi) M-A
10. N. burbidgeae Hk.f. ex Burb. (Regi) B-A
11. N. campanulata Kurata (Mont) MLA
13. N. clipeata Danser (Regi) MLA
17. N. ephippiata Danser (Regi) A
18. N. fallax G.Beck (Regi) ???
19. N. fusca Danser (Regi) M-A
21. N. gracilis Korthals (Vulg) MSC R
23. N. gymnamphora Nees. (Mont) S M-A
25. N. hirsuta Hook.f. (Nobi) M-A
30. N. lowii Hook.f. (Regi) A
32. N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid. (Nobi) B
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees (Regi) CMoN M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
38. N. mollis Danser (Regi) M-A
39. N. muluensis Hotta (Mont) M-A
40. N. murudensis Culham (Vulg) M-A
42. N. northiana Hook.f. (Insig) M-L
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (Insig) MS R
49. N. rajah Hook.f. (Regi) B-A
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (Vulg) MSMo M
56. N. stenophylla Masters (Regi) M-A
57. N. tentaculata Hook.f. (Vulg) C M-A
63. N. veitchii Hook.f. (Regi) M-A
66. N. villosa Hook.f. (Insig) B-A
Natural Hybrids:
N. (burbidgeae x fusca)
N. (fusca x stenophylla)
N. (fusca x veitchii)
N. (gracilis x rafflesiana)
N. (lowii x stenophylla)
N. (rajah x stenophylla)
N. (rajah x tentaculata)
N. (reinwardtiana x tentaculata)
N. (stenophylla x tentaculata)
N. (stenophylla x veitchii)
N. Alisaputrana Ad. & Wilc..(burb. x rajah)
N. Cantleyi Westphal. (bical. x gracilis)
N. Cincta Mast. (albo. x north.)
N. Curtisii (albo. x max.)
N. Ferrugineo-marginata (albo. x reinw.)
N. Hookerae (mirab. x raffl.)
N. Hookeriana (Lind.)Macf. (amp. x raffl.)
N. Kinabaluensis Kurata (rajah x villosa)
N. Kuchingensis (amp. x mirab.)
N. Mirabilata (alata x mirab.)
N. Sarawakiensis Ad. & Wil. (mulu. x tentac.)
N. Trichocarpa Miq. (amp. x gracilis)
N. Trusmadiensis (villosa x lowii)
CELEBES: 8 species
20. N. glabrata Turnb. & Middl. (????) A
21. N. gracilis Korthals (Vulg) MSB R
24. N. hamata Turnb. & Middl. (Mont) A
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees (Regi) BMoN M-A
36. N. merrilliana Macfarlane (Insig) P M
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
57. N. tentaculata Hook.f. (Vulg) B M-A
60. N. tomoriana Danser (Disti) M
CEYLON: 1 species
16. N. distillatoria Linne (Disti) R-M
INDIA: 1 species
28. N. khasiana Hook.f. (Vulg) M
INDO CHINA: 3 species
5. N. anamensis Macfarlane (Vulg) M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
58. N. thorelii Lecomte (Vulg) M-S
JAVA: 2 species
23. N. gymnamphora Nees. (Mont) SB M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
MADAGASCAR: 2 species
33. N. madagascariensis Poiret MESO R-M
34. N. masoalensis Schm-Hol. MESO M
MALAYSIA: 10 species
2. N. alata Blanco (Vulg) PSMoB R-A
3. N. albomarginata Lob&Lnd. (Vulg) SB R
4. N. ampullaria Jack (Urce) SBN R
21. N. gracilis Korthals (Vulg) SBC R
22. N. gracillima Ridley (Mont) M-A
31. N. macfarlanei Hemsley (Mont) M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (Insig) SB R
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (Vulg) SBMo M
52. N. sanguinea Lindl. (Mont) M-A
Natural Hybrids:
N. (gracilis x rafflesiana)
N. (gracillima x macfarlanei)
N. (gracillima x sanguinea)
N. (macfarlanei x sanguinea)
N. Ferrugineo-marginata (albo. x reinw.)
N. Hookerae (mirab. x raffl.)
N. Hookeriana (Lind.)Macf. (amp. x raffl.)
N. Kuchingensis (amp. x mirab.)
N. Mirabilata (alata x mirab.)
N. Trichocarpa Miq. (amp. x gracilis)
MOLUCCAS: 4 species
2. N. alata Blanco (Vulg) PSMB R-A
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees (Regi) BCN M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (Vulg) MSB M
Natural Hybrids:
N. Mirabilata (alata x mirab.)
NEW CALEDONIA: 1 species
65. N. vieillardii Hook.f. (Vulg) N M-A
NEW GUINEA: 10species
4. N. ampullaria Jack (Urce) MSB R
27. N. insignis Danser (Insig) R
29. N. klossii Ridley (Regi) M-A
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees (Regi) BCMo M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
41. N. neoguineensis Macf. (Disti) R
43. N. paniculata Danser MESO M-A
44. N. papuana Danser (Vulg) R
61. N. treubiana Warburg (Insig) S M-S
65. N. vieillardii Hook.f. (Vulg) Nc M-A
Natural Hybrids:
N. Kuchingensis (amp. x mirab.)
PALAU IASLANDS: 1 species
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
PHILIPPINES: 9 species
2. N. alata Blanco (Vulg) SMMoB R-A
6. N. bellii Kondo (Urce) M
14. N. deaniana Macfarlane (Nobi) M-A
36. N. merrilliana Macfarlane (Insig) C M
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
46. N. petiolata Danser (Insig) M
47. N. philippinense Macf. (Vulg) M
62. N. truncata Macfarlane (Regi) M
64. N. ventricosa Blanco (Insig) M-A
Natural Hybrids:
N. Merrilliata (alata x merril.)
N. Mirabilata (alata x mirab.)
N. Truncalata (alata x truncata)
N. Tsangoya (Merrilliata x mir.)
N. Ventrata (alata x ventr.)
SEYCHELLES: 1 species
45. N. pervillei Blume ANEUR M
SOUTH CHINA: 1 species
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
SUMATRA: 19 species
1. N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (????) A
2. N. alata Blanco (Vulg) PMMoB R-A
3. N. albomarginata Lob&Lnd. (Vulg) MB R
4. N. ampullaria Jack (Urce) MBN R
8. N. bongso Korth. (Mont) M-A
12. N. carunculata Danser (Regi) A
15. N. densiflora Danser (Mont) A
21. N. gracilis Korthals (Vulg) MBC R
33. N. gymnamphora Nees. (Mont) BJ M-A
26. N. inermis Danser (Mont) M-A
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (Vulg) SE Asia R-M
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (Insig) MB R
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (Vulg) MBMo M
51. N. rhombicaulis Kurata (Mont) A
53. N. singalana Beccari (Mont) A
54. N. spathulata Danser (Mont) M-A
55. N. spectabilis Danser (Nob) A
59. N. tobaica Danser (Vulg) M-A
61. N. treubiana Warburg (Insig) N M-S
Natural Hybrids:
N. (bongso x fusca)
N. (gracilis x rafflesiana)
N. Dubia Danser (bongso x inerm.)
N. Ferrugineo-marginata (albo. x reinw.)
N. Hookerae (mirab. x raffl.)
N. Hookeriana (Lind.)Macf. (amp. x raffl.)
N. Kuchingensis (amp. x mirab.)
N. Mirabilata (alata x mirab.)
ANEU = Subgenus ANEUROSPERMA
MESO = Subgenus MESONEPENTHES
(Disti) = Sub. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Distillatoriae
(Urcc) = Subg. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Urceolatae
(Vulg) = Subg. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Vulgatae
(Mon) = Subg. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Montanae
(Nobi) = Subg. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Nobiles
(Regi) = Subg. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Regiae
(Insig) = Subg. EUNEPENTHES, Sect. Insignes
LOCATION: B = Borneo, C = Celebes, I = Indonesia, M = Malaysia, Mo = Moluccas, N = New Guinea, Nc = New Caledonia, P = Philippines, S = Sumatra.
HABITAT: A = high Altitude, B = ultra-Basic soil, L = Limestone hills, M = Moss forest, R = Rain forest, S = Sand fields.
Elevation - Highland vs. Lowland
HIGHLAND FORMS:
1. N. adnata Tamin & Hotta S
2. N. alata Blanco (S. L. - 2400 m) R*
5. N. anamensis Macfarlane I M*
8. N. bongso Korth. (1700 - 2500 m) M
9. N. boschiana Korth. ( 950 m) M
10. N. burbidgeae Hk.f. ex Bb. (1200 - 1600 m) B
11. N. campanulata Kurata B M-L
12. N. carunculata Danser (1700-2330 m)
13. N. clipeata Danser B M-L
14. N. deaniana Macfarlane (1300 m) M
15. N. densiflora Danser C
17. N. ephippiata Danser (1900 m)
18. N. fallax G.Beck ????
19. N. fusca Danser (1500 - 2500 m) M
20. N. glabrata Turnb. & Mid. (1666 m)
22. N. gracillima Ridley ( 810 - 2100 m) M
23. N. gymnamphora Nees. ( 900 - 2330 m) M
24. N. hamata Turnb. & Mid. (1850 - 1900 m)
25. N. hirsuta Hook.f. ( 600 - 1000 m) M*
26. N. inermis Danser (1800 - 2330 m) M
29. N. klossii Ridley (1000 - 2000 m) M
30. N. lowii Hook.f. (1650 - 2600 m)
32. N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1200 - 2000 m) M
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees ( 600 - 2745 m) M*
38. N. mollis Danser (1800 m) M
39. N. muluensis Hotta (2300 - 2376 m) M
40. N. murudensis Culham B M
43. N. paniculata Danser (1460 m) M
49. N. rajah Hook.f. (1500 - 2650 m) B
51. N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1800 - 1900 m)
52. N. sanguinea Lindl. ( 900 - 1800 m) M
53. N. singalana Beccari (2200 - 2600 m)
54. N. spathulata Danser (2000 m) M
55. N. spectabilis Danser (1800 - 2200 m)
56. N. stenophylla Masters ( 600 - 2660 m) M*
57. N. tentaculata Hook.f. ( 240 - 2550 m) M*
59. N. tobaica Danser ( 910 - 1550 m) M
63. N. veitchii Hook.f. ( 100 - 1200 m) M*
64. N. ventricosa Blanc (1700 m) M
65. N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1460 - 3520 m) M
66. N. villosa Hook.f. (2340 - 3240 m) B
LOWLAND FORMS:
2. N. alata Blanco (S. L. - 2400 m) R*
3. N. albomarginata L.&Lnd. (S. L. - 800 m) R
4. N. ampullaria Jack (S. L. - 1000 m) R
5. N. anamensis Macfarlane I M*
6. N. bellii Kondo (250 - 800 m) M
7. N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (S. L. - 950 m) M
16. N. distillatoria Linne Ceylon R-M
21. N. gracilis Korthals (S. L. - 750 m) R
25. N. hirsuta Hook.f. ( 600 - 1000 m) M*
27. N. insignis Danser ( 80 - 850 m) R
28. N. khasiana Hook.f. India M
32. N. macrovulgaris T. & M. (300 - 1200 m) B
33. N. madagascariensis P. Madagascar R-M
34. N. masoalensis Schm-Hol. Madagascar M
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees ( 600 - 2745 m) M*
36. N. merrilliana Macfarlane P M
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (S. L. - 1500 m) R-M
41. N. neoguineensis Macf. (S. L. - 1400 m) R
42. N. northiana Hook.f. ( 60 - 90 m) M-L
44. N. papuana Danser ( 30 - 1000 m) R
45. N. pervillei Blume Seychelles M
46. N. petiolata Danser P M
47. N. philippinense Macf. P M
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (S. L. - 1200 m) R
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (S. L. - 1200 m) M
56. N. stenophylla Masters ( 600 - 2660 m) M*
57. N. tentaculata Hook.f. ( 240 - 2550 m) M*
58. N. thorelii Lecomte I M-S
60. N. tomoriana Danser C M
61. N. treubiana Warburg (Sea Level) M-S
62. N. truncata Macfarlane P M
63. N. veitchii Hook.f. ( 100 - 1200 m) M*
Highland Nepenthes are those that occur in the misty higher elevations of SE Asia; predominantly at an elevation above 1,000 m (3,240 ft.). They require cooler wetter nights then the Lowland varieties, but not necessarily lower light. Optimum temperatures are between 10-21 C (50-70 F).
Lowland Nepenthes can stand much warmer temperatures 21-29 C (70-85 F), with high humidity as well, They tend to inhabit elevations from Sea-Level to 1,000 m(3,240 ft).
The difference in temperature and humidity requirements between the highland and lowland varieties of Nepenthes can be quite important. If the highland varieties are not given a nightly drop in temperature, they seem to "burn themselves out" according to Cliff Dodd. Therefore it is necessary in warmer climates to provide artificial cooling for some of the more delicate of these higland varieties. "*" are those which exist in both highland and lowland areas.
HABITAT: B = ultra-Basic soil, L = Limestone hills, M = Moss forest, R = Rain forest, S = Sand fields.
Data for Description of Hybrids
Cross Name:
Cultivars:
Person Registering Cross:
Address:
City, State, Zip:
Country:
Phone:
Female Parent:
Cultivar Name:
Origin:
Male Parent:
Cultivar Name:
Origin:
Characteristics:
Stem:
Climbing? Prostrate? Other?
Length:
Stem Shape:
Width:
Leaves:
Petiolate/Sessile? Petiole Shape?
Attachment to the stem:
Leaf Shape:
Length x Width (Range):
Margins:
Apex Shape:
Base Shape:
# of Longitudinal Veins:
Where Veins are Located:
Pennate Veins:
Lower Pitchers:
Complete Shape Description:
Length x Width (Range):
Wings or Ribs:
Width of Wings:
Peristome Shape:
Width of Peristome:
Mouth Shape:
Lid Shape:
Size:
Lid Apex Shape:
Lid Base Shape:
Lid Glands or Appendages:
Spur Shape:
Spur Length:
Upper Pitchers:
Complete Shape Description:
Length x Width (Range):
Wings or Ribs:
Width of Wings:
Peristome Shape:
Width of Peristome:
Mouth Shape:
Lid Shape:
Size:
Lid Apex Shape:
Lid Base Shape:
Lid Glands or Appendages:
Spur Shape:
Spur Length:
Inflorescence:
Raceme or Panicle:
Length,Including Axis:
# of Flowers on Pedicel:
Length of Pedicel:
Bracts or not:
Indumentum:
Color:
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES:
MOST IMPORTANT!
Please be as complete and detailed as possible.
Please include Photos of:
Entire Plant:
Pitchers, both upper and lower:
-showing, pitcher shape, peristome, lid,
Inflorescence, (if available):
Cross will be dated the same day as received, previously registered crosses take precidence
Afterword
There should be a set protocol for the registration of Nepenthes hybrids; perhaps by offering a description and certain points of information, as well as photographs, and and publishing these in the various journals. I applaud the efforts ofJ. T. Robinson in the Carnivorous Plant Newsletter. This would seem to be the best approach to naming new crosses.
As seen in the preceding "Data for Description of Hybrids", I think it necessary to accept a set of criteria for identification of Nepenthes, as exists in other cultivated plants. The criteria I have cited seem to be the most sensible and commonly recognized features as used by the taxonomists. Understanding that not everyone has been trained as a porfesional botanist, we sometimes miss important distinguishing features.
Photo records will still remain the best way to identify hybrids, unless in the future the possibility of DNA mapping becomes a practical alternative, we won't hold our collective breath. Besides, at that time the true parentage of the early hybrids, as well as the true determination of species in the wild will undoubtably change in the way we view the genus as a whole.
I am not a professional botanist, although I have had some formal education, I do not profess to be anything more than an interested, somewhat informed layman. For the most part, this book has been a compilation of the work of others. I do not represent any of it as being original thought on my part. I have tried to give credit where it is due.
I further hope that the work done here will be expounded upon by others. This was merely meant to fill the void with respect to useable, available information on Nepenthes. Many of us are not able to obtain through inter-library loan the many botanical journals that contain information on Nepenthes. Hopefully through the work of Matthew Jebb, Andreas Wistuba, Joe Nertz, of course Jan Schlauer and the many other botanists interested in this genus, larger more detailed books will be written. Until that time, I hope that this offering can help.
Glossary
Acuminate pointed, tapering to a point.
Acute sharp at the end, ending in a point.
Adaxial(ly) situated on the side towards the axis or the stem.
Amplexicaul clasping the stem.
Anther the pollen bearing part of the stamen.
Apex the tip or point.
Appressed pressed closely against.
Arachnoideously formed of or covered with long delicate hairs or fibers.
Attenuate tapering gradually to a narrow extremity.
Auriculate shaped like an ear.
Axis the longitudinal support of the inflorescence on which the pedicels are arranged
Bicristate forming two crests.
Campanulate bell-shaped.
Canaliculate canal-shaped
Conical cone-shaped.
Cordate heart-shaped, with the attachment at the notched end.
Coriaceous of or like leather.
Corymb a form of inflorescence resembling a raceme but having a relatively shorter rachis and longer lower pedicels so that the flowers form a flat-topped or convex cluster.
Corymbiform shaped like a corymb.
Cuneate triangular, tapering to a point at the base.
Cylindrical cylinder-shaped.
Decurrent extending down the stem below the point of insertion.
Dentate having a toothed margin or toothlike projections or processes.
Denticulate finely dentate.
Ellipsoidal shaped like an ellipse or oval.
Emarginate notched at the apex.
Entire margin without notches, projections or indentations.
Epiphyte a plant that grows nonparasitically upon another.
Excrescence a normal or abnormal outgrowth, such as hair.
Ferrugineous the color of iron rust.
Filiform thread like, filamentous.
Fimbriate having a border of hairs or filamentous processes.
Glabrous smooth or bald, having a surface devoid of hair or pubescence.
Globose globe-shaped.
Hirsute covered with long, rather stiff hairs.
Incurved curving inward.
Indumentum a dense hairy covering.
Inflorescence the flowering part of the plant, the flower cluster.
Infundibulate funnel-haped.
Internode the portion of the plant stem between two nodes.
Lamina the blade or expanded portion of the leaf.
Lanceolate shaped like the head of a lance, narrow and tapering towards the apex, or sometimes at the base.
Linear thread-like, narrow and elongated.
Longitudinal running lengthwise.
Midrib the central or middle rib of a leaf.
Obconical conical, cone-shaped
Oblique slanting or sloping, neither horizontal nor vertical.
Oblong elongated from a circular form.
Obovate inversely ovate, ovate with a narrow end at the base.
Obtuse rounded at the apex, not sharp or pointed.
Orbicular like an orb, spherical, rounded.
Ovate egg-shaped, with a broader end at the base.
Panicle a compound raceme, a loose, diversely branching flower cluster.
Pedicel the subordinate stalk in a branched inflorescence, the one actually bearing the individual flower.
Peltate shield-shaped, having the stalk or support attached to the lower part of the surface at some distance from the margin.
Pennate feather like.
Perigone an envelope of modified leaves, a rosette.
Peristome the structure surrounding the mouth of the pitcher.
Petiolate having a petiole
Petiole the slender stalk by way of which the leaf is attached to the stem.
Phylotaxis the arrangement of the leaves on the stem.
Prolongated lengthened.
Pruinose covered by a frost-like bloom or powdery secretion.
Raceme a simple indeterminate inflorescence in which the flowers are borne on short pedicelslying along a common axis, as in lily of the valley.
Rachis the axis of the inflorescence when somewhat elongated.
Recurved curved or bent back or backward.
Reflexed bent back.
Reniform kidney-shaped.
Revolute rolled backward at the margin.
Rosette a circular cluster of leaves arranged aroound the stem.
Sepal (Tepal) one of the individual parts of the calyx of the flower
Sessile attached by the base without any distinct projecting support or petiole.
Sheath(ed) the leaf base when it forms a vertical coating surrounding the stem.
Spathulate shaped like a spatula, having a broad rounded apex and a narrow attenuate base.
Stamen the pollen-bearing organ of the flower which holds the anther.
Staminal pertaining to stamens.
Stellate star-shaped.
Subcylindrical slightly cylindrical.
Subglobose slightly globose.
Suborbicular slightly orbicular.
Tomentose closely covered with down or matted hair.
Tomentum pubescence composed of longish, soft, entangled hairs pressed close to the surface.
Transverse lying or being in a cross-wise direction.
Truncate square or broad at the end, as if cut off.
Tubulate having the form of a tube.
Urceolate shaped like a pitcher, swelling out like the body of a pitcher and then contracted at the mouth.
Ventricose swollen.
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